Engineering Geological Characteristics of Xigeda Formation Claystone in Luding County, Western Sichuan
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摘要:
昔格达地层作为一类特殊的半成岩，具有“见风成粉，遇水成泥”的特性，是工程地质问题与地质灾害的良好孕生载体。以川西泸定海子坪昔格达地层黏土岩为研究对象，通过X射线衍射、电镜扫描、现场与室内岩土测试，分析了其物质组成、微观结构及力学特性，重点研究水作用下其物理力学性质的变化规律，并与其他地区昔格达地层工程地质特性进行比较分析。研究表明：①海子坪昔格达地层黏土岩主要成分为粉细砂、黏土等细粒物质，由薄层黄色和灰色的黏土岩互层产出，具有近水平层理构造。②黄色和灰色黏土岩的物质组成相同，但占比不同，黄色黏土岩的黏粒含量比灰色黏土岩高约12%，方解石含量少约10%，黄色黏土岩的结构更为致密，黏粒间胶结作用更强。③海子坪昔格达地层黏土岩现场实测渗透系数为3.62×10−4～7.34×10−4 cm/s，介于其他地区昔格达地层的黏土岩类–砂岩类之间，这与其天然节理发育、受扰动极易开裂的特性密切相关。④黄、灰色黏土岩的黏聚力均随含水率增加而降低，且含水率越高，降幅越大，内摩擦角与含水率的关系则表现有所不同。⑤不同地区昔格达地层的力学特性对含水率变化的敏感性具有明显差异，其中泸定海子坪昔格达地层黏土岩的水敏性最为显著。
Abstract:The Xigeda Formation is a special semi-diagenetic, which has the characteristics of "wind-induced powder, water-induced mud", and is a good carrier for engineering geological problems and geological hazards. In this study, the yellow and gray claystone of the Xigeda Formation in Haiziping Village, Luding County, western Sichuan was investigated. Its material composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), field and laboratory geotechnical tests. The variation law of its physical and mechanical properties under the action of water is emphasized, and the engineering geological characteristics of the Xigeda Formation are compared and analyzed with those in other regions. Based on the above research, some conclusions are as follows. ①The Xigeda Formation claystone in Haiziping Village is mainly composed of fine sand, clay, and additional fine-grained materials. It is produced by yellow and gray thin layers interbedding and has a horizontal lamination structure. ②Yellow and gray claystone have the same material composition, but material proportions are different. The clay content of yellow claystone is 12% higher than that of gray claystone, and the calcite content is 10% inferior. The microstructure of yellow claystone is denser and cemented with clay particles more strongly. ③The permeability coefficient measured on the site of Xigeda Formation claystone in Haiziping Village is 3.62～7.34×10−4 cm/s, which is between claystones and sandstones in Xigeda Formation in other regions. The characteristic of its permeability is closely related to the development of natural joints and the characteristic of cracks that is susceptible to disturbance. ④The cohesion of yellow and gray claystone decreased with the increase of moisture content, and the higher the moisture content, the greater the decline, but the relationship between internal friction angle and moisture content was different.⑤ The mechanical properties of the Xigeda Formation in different regions and lithology have obvious differences in sensitivity to moisture content changes, among which the mechanical property weakening by the water of the Xigeda Formation claystone in Haiziping Village, Luding County is the most significant.
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Key words:
- Xigeda Formation /
- claystone /
- microstructure /
- engineering geological characteristics /
- Western Sichuan
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表 1 泸定海子坪昔格达地层测年方法及结果统计
Table 1. The dating methods and statistical results of the Xigeda formation in Haiziping village, Luding county
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表 2 黄色和灰色黏土岩黏土矿物分析结果
Table 2. Test results of clay minerals of yellow and gray claystone samples
序号 样品类型 黏土矿物检测结果（%） 蒙脱石
S伊蒙混层
I/S伊利石
It高岭石
K绿泥石
CI/S混层比（%S） 1 黄色黏土岩 3 — 93 — 4 — 2 灰色黏土岩 5 — 89 — 6 —
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表 3 黄色和灰色黏土岩各孔径级别对应的微观孔隙测量结果
Table 3. Measurement results of different pore sizes of yellow and gray claystone samples
孔径级别（µm） 黄色黏土岩 灰色黏土岩 数量 N（个） 孔径d（µm） 面积A（µm2） 丰度（C） 数量 N（个） 孔径d（µm） 面积A（µm2） 丰度（C） ＜0.4 356 0.23 0.04 0.53 512 0.24 0.05 0.53 0.4～1 137 0.59 0.24 0.46 178 0.57 0.26 0.51 1～4 22 1.5 1.64 0.45 30 1.24 1.06 0.44 ＞4 0 0 0 0 1 4.11 5.99 0.52 注：C为B与L的比值，B表示孔隙的短轴长度，L表示孔隙长轴长度，A为平均孔隙面积。
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表 4 黄色和灰色黏土岩基本物性指标
Table 4. Basic physical property indexes of yellow and gray claystone samples
土样
编号样品
类型含水率
（%）土粒
比重天然密度
（g/cm3）干密度
（g/cm3）孔隙比 液限
（%）塑限
（%）塑性
指数饱和含水
率（%）XGD-01 灰色黏土岩 3.7 2.69 1.86 1.76 0.569 36.4 25.9 10.5 30.93 XGD-02 黄色黏土岩 4.5 2.70 1.80 1.73 0.550 36.3 24.9 11.4 31.91
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表 5 双环注水试验结果
Table 5. Results of double-ring water injection tests
试验点序号 渗透系数
（cm/s）平均渗透系数
（cm/s）透水性等级 S01 3.62×10−4 5.11×10−4 中等透水 S02 7.34×10−4 S03 4.36×10−4
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表 6 不同地区昔格达地层渗透特性比较
Table 6. Comparison of permeability characteristics of Xigeda Formation in different regions
地区 试验对象 试验条件 渗透系数（cm/s） 透水性等级 数据来源 泸定海子坪 粉土-亚黏土 现场双环注水 3.62×10−4～7.34×10−4 中等透水 本研究 攀枝花格里坪 亚黏土 室内渗透 3.7×10−5～7.2×10−4 弱透水 宋为广等（2017） 粉砂岩 室内渗透 2.0×10−5～2.78×10−5 弱透水 左永振等（2016） 攀枝花粟子坪 亚黏土 室内渗透 2.8×10−7～3.3×10−7 极弱透水 李小泉（1996） 云南龙开口镇 黏土岩 室内渗透 10−8～10−7 极弱透水 张德强等（2021） 川南地区 泥岩 现场、室内渗透 1.7×10−5～5.25×10−5 弱透水 钟成等（2012） 砂岩 1.6×10−4 中等透水 西昌经久乡 黏土岩 室内渗透、
钻孔压水1.95×10−7～4.61×10−5 弱透水 杨碧（2010） 粉砂岩 1.47×10−4～6.54×10−4 中等透水
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