Study on Geochemical Prospecting Methods in Forest Swamp Area of Northeast Daxing’an Mountains: Example from Erdaokan Silver Polymetallic Mine Area in Heilongjiang Province
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摘要:
在黑龙江省二道坎森林–沼泽浅覆盖区，采用B、C层不同样品粒级对照分析方法，开展了土壤、岩屑测量采样方法技术剖面试验研究，选择采取的−5～+20目、−20～+60目和−60目3种粒级试验样品，并对比不同粒级样品中各元素在地球化学特征、元素组合以及异常圈定等方面存在的差异。结果表明，不同粒级样品所圈定的成矿元素地球化学异常都具备Ag-Pb-Zn-Mn多元素异常组合的特征，且异常分布范围与深部矿体较为一致，元素浓集中心与深部矿体空间位置吻合较好。具体表现为岩屑、土壤测量皆可以有效地指示银铅锌矿体，可作为该区寻找银铅锌矿的有效手段。而C层−20～+60目粒级岩屑测量效果更好，表现在元素含量更高，异常强度更强，元素组合指示意义更明显，定位矿体更精准，可以强化土壤微弱异常，有利于发现和识别弱的矿化信息。因此，在研究区内开展地球化学测量适宜采用−20～+60目粒级岩屑采样方法，其可为森林–沼泽覆盖区如二道坎地区以及多宝山矿集区开展1∶1万化探详查和找矿预测提供了技术依据。
Abstract:In the shallow forest-swamp overlying area of Erdaokan, Heilongjiang Province, the experimental study on the technical profile of soil and rock debris measurement and sampling methods was carried out by using the method of comparative analysis of different sample sizes in B and C layers. The samples of −5～+20 mesh, −20～+60 mesh and −60 mesh were selected. The differences in geochemical characteristics, element combination and anomaly delineation of each element in different sample sizes were also compared. The results show that the geochemical anomalies of ore-forming elements delineated by different sized samples have the characteristics of Ag-Pb-Zn-Mn multi-element anomaly combination, and the distribution range of anomalies is consistent with the deep ore body, and the element concentration center is in good agreement with the spatial location of the deep ore body, indicating that the ore-body can be effectively indicated by rock debris and soil survey. It can be used as an effective means to find silver-lead-zinc deposits in this area. Through the study, the measurement results of C−20～+60 mesh rock cuttings collected in the mining area are higher and better, which are manifested in higher element content, stronger anomaly intensity, more obvious indication of element combination, and more accurate ore body positioning, which can strengthen the weak soil anomaly, and is conducive to the discovery and identification of weak mineralization information. Therefore, the sampling method of −20～+60 mesh cuttings is suitable for geochemical survey in the study area, which provides a technical basis for the detailed survey of 1∶10 000 geochemical exploration in forest-swamp overlying region including the Erdaokanzi and Duobaoshan ore concentration areas.
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表 1 各项指标的分析方法及检出限表
Table 1. The analysis method and detection limit of target elements
分析指标 实测检出限 规范要求 分析指标 实测检出限 规范要求 Al2O3 0.044 0.05 Cu 0.859 1 CaO 0.045 0.05 F 50 100 K2O 0.05 0.05 Hg 0.0005 0.003 MgO 0.05 0.05 Mn 5.48 10 Na2O 0.1 0.1 Mo 0.044 0.3 SiO2 0.095 0.1 Ni 0.00006 2 TFe 0.048 0.05 Pb 1.86 2 Au 0.1 0.3 Sb 0.05 0.05 Ag 0.02 0.02 Sn 0.5 1 As 1 1 Te 0.016 0.02 Ba 8.5 10 W 0.015 0.4 Bi 0.01 0.05 Zn 1.78 4 Co 0.221 1 注： 化合物含量为%，Au含量为10−9，其余元素含量均为10−6。 
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表 2 研究区不同粒级样品分析元素（化合物）地球化学参数统计表
Table 2. Geochemical parameters for analysis of elements (compounds) at different gain levels in the samples of this study area
特征 化学场 背景场 中国
土壤K D 均值 标准差 各粒级平均值 Xsum Ssum Cvsum Xo So Cvo B总 C总 B总 C总 B1 B2 B3 C1 C2 C3 Al2O3 15.35 1.58 0.10 15.35 1.10 0.07 12.5 1.23 1.44 15.44 15.27 1.27 1.85 15.4 15.5 15.5 15.2 15.3 15.4 CaO 0.70 0.87 1.24 0.55 1.39 2.53 2.2 0.32 0.80 0.56 0.84 0.15 1.22 0.53 0.57 0.6 0.85 0.82 0.86 K2O 2.11 0.47 0.22 2.05 1.28 0.62 2.3 0.92 0.38 2.24 1.98 0.26 0.59 2.24 2.25 2.24 1.97 1.98 2 MgO 1.24 0.43 0.35 1.17 1.42 1.21 1.3 0.96 0.32 1.16 1.32 0.25 0.55 1.14 1.17 1.17 1.33 1.32 1.32 Na2O 1.19 0.34 0.28 1.16 1.32 1.14 1.5 0.79 0.26 1.23 1.15 0.22 0.42 1.21 1.21 1.26 1.14 1.13 1.17 SiO2 61.33 5.74 0.09 61.56 1.09 0.02 65 0.94 5.26 63.32 59.35 4.58 6.13 62.3 63.3 64.4 59.2 59.1 59.8 TFe 6.08 1.85 0.30 58.4 13.23 0.23 4.2 1.45 0.01 5.40 6.76 1.32 2.06 5.71 5.37 5.13 6.82 6.78 6.68 Au 1.63 0.57 0.35 1.54 1.41 0.92 1.4 1.17 0.43 1.73 1.54 0.55 0.57 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.7 Ag 25.45 101.84 4.00 0.94 11.27 11.99 0.08 318.09 244.7 18.44 32.45 65.90 128.32 25.93 17.96 11.43 37.47 36.85 23.04 As 52.05 37.98 0.73 41.94 1.67 0.04 1 52.05 28.29 48.14 55.95 21.68 49.07 56 46.8 41.6 57.2 56.6 54.1 Ba 422.52 105.52 0.25 409.6 1.29 0.003 500 0.85 84.70 436.9 408.11 85.01 121.65 463 427 420 409 409 406 Bi 0.26 0.08 0.31 0.25 1.46 5.86 0.3 0.87 0.06 0.30 0.22 0.05 0.09 0.29 0.31 0.3 0.2 0.22 0.24 Co 25.00 11.79 0.47 22.6 1.60 0.07 1.3 19.23 8.13 21.83 28.18 10.68 12.06 27.4 21.9 16.2 28.2 29 27.3 Cu 46.98 21.89 0.47 42.7 1.48 0.03 24 1.96 16.31 37.80 56.17 11.52 25.72 37.9 38.5 37 54.2 56.4 57.9 F 532.8 76.8 0.14 527.4 1.15 0.002 480 1.11 67.34 547.94 517.67 70.4 80.5 544 549 552 523 521 510 Hg 0.89 1.21 1.35 0.43 3.32 7.73 40 0.02 0.75 0.61 1.17 0.82 1.45 0.59 0.61 0.63 1.23 1.14 1.15 Mn 7 814.2 20 496.0 2.62 1 654.0 3.37 0.002 600 13.02 28 758 5 068 10 559.9 13 124 25 678 7 658 4 919 2 629 12 094 11 479 8 107 Mo 1.14 0.67 0.59 0.97 1.42 1.47 0.8 1.43 0.56 1.18 1.10 0.55 0.78 1.33 1.16 1.05 1.07 1.16 1.08 Ni 66.76 46.40 0.69 54.60 1.85 0.03 26 2.57 30.66 52.47 81.06 30.28 54.85 55 52 50 82 82 80 Pb 320.8 779.8 2.43 55.7 4.97 0.09 23 13.95 903.9 238.0 403.59 531.2 964.3 329.9 245.8 138.3 432.4 447.7 330.7 Sb 13.71 21.48 1.57 7.80 2.13 0.27 0.8 17.14 17.69 9.55 17.87 12.17 27.32 11.21 9.24 8.19 18.16 18.21 17.24 Sn 2.24 0.60 0.27 2.15 1.27 0.59 2.5 0.89 0.49 2.44 2.04 0.50 0.62 2.38 2.45 2.47 1.99 2.05 2.07 Te 0.06 0.02 0.34 0.06 1.45 26.40 40 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.06 W 1.88 1.33 0.71 1.57 1.54 0.98 1.8 1.05 1.03 2.02 1.74 1.23 1.41 2.32 1.9 1.84 1.59 1.79 1.84 Zn 260.8 449.8 1.72 136.1 2.27 0.02 68 3.84 379.6 160.7 360.97 169.1 599.1 184.2 159.8 138.1 408.5 374.6 299.8 注：化合物含量为%，Au含量为10−9，其余元素含量均为10−6；富集系数K=X/中国土壤，D=（X×S）/（Xo×So）。
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表 3 研究区土壤样品元素含量因子分析正交旋转因子载荷矩阵表
Table 3. Orthometric rotating factor loading matrix of factor analysis of elemental content of soil samples in study area
元素 F1 F2 F3 Pb 0.965 0.08 0.048 Mn 0.955 0.088 −0.178 Sb 0.954 0.06 −0.126 Mo 0.905 0.314 −0.012 As 0.87 0.228 0.042 Ag 0.845 0.225 −0.367 Zn 0.816 −0.182 0.292 W 0.805 0.147 0.109 Hg 0.788 −0.241 0.205 TFe 0.758 −0.534 −0.072 Sn 0.642 0.58 −0.001 Co 0.077 −0.843 −0.244 Cu 0.138 −0.83 0.105 Ni −0.065 −0.817 −0.322 Bi 0.022 0.667 0.59 Au 0.298 0.54 0.011 F 0.117 0.452 0.048 Te −0.205 0.102 0.814 Ba 0.207 0.21 0.608 累计方差% 43.07 64.21 74.14 注：主成分已提取了 3 个成分； 旋转法具有 Kaiser 标准化的正交旋转法，旋转在 5 次迭代后收敛。
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表 4 研究区土壤样品粒级与风化指数关系表
Table 4. Relationship between granularities and weathering indexes
指标 计算公式 B层（n=63） C层（n=63） B1 B2 B3 B总 C1 C2 C3 C总 CIA [Al2O3/（Al2O3+CaO+Na2O+K2O）]×100 79.5 79.3 79.0 79.3 79.3 79.5 79.2 79.4 CIX [Al2O3/（Al2O3+Na2O+K2O）]×100 81.7 81.7 81.5 81.7 83.0 83.1 82.9 83.0 WIP [2Na2O/0.35+2K2O/0.25+MgO/0.9+CaO/0.7]×100 26.8 27.0 27.3 27.0 24.9 24.9 25.4 25.1 R Al2O3/SiO2 4.05 4.09 4.16 4.10 3.90 3.87 3.89 3.89
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