Characteristics and Initiation Mechanism of the Liquefied Mudflow Caused by Jishishan Earthquake in Gansu Province and Its Enlightenment on Risk Assessment of Secondary Earthquake Disasters in the Upper Yellow River Basin
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摘要:
北京时间2023年12月18日23点59分30秒，甘肃省临夏州积石山县发生Ms 6.2级浅源地震，地震在青海省民和县中川乡诱发了一处同震特大型规模泥流灾害，造成了特大型灾难事件的发生。笔者采用现场调查、无人机摄影测量、现场取样及室内测试等研究方法对此次泥流灾害发育特征及成因进行分析。结果表明：①该泥流具有典型沟谷型泥石流平面特征，形成区、流通区和堆积区分界明显，泥流主要物源为山前洪积粉质黏土。②地震、降雪消融、农田冬灌、低温冻结，为泥流提供了初始动力并抬升了局部地下水位，是该泥流灾害的主要诱因；地形坡度、地层岩性，为泥流提供了后续运动势能和振动液化条件，是该泥流灾害的内因。③泥流运移过程中存在侧向和底部铲刮效应，尤其在3处流向改变区侧向铲刮、局部堆积显著，最终快速流入沟口金田村和草滩村。分析结果可为官亭盆地乃至黄河上游沉积盆地地震次生灾害风险评价工作提供思路与理论依据。
Abstract:At 23:59:30 Beijing time on December 18, 2023, an Ms 6.2 shallow earthquake occurred in Jishishan County, Linxia Prefecture, Gansu Province. The earthquake triggered a coseismic giant mudflow in Zhongchuan Township, Minhe County, Qinghai Province, resulting in a catastrophic event. Research methods such as on-site investigation, drone photogrammetry, sampling, and experimental testing were adopted to analyze the development characteristics and causes of this mudflow hazard. The results indicate that: ① The mudflow has typical planar characteristics of valley-type debris flow, with clear boundaries between the formation area, the circulation area, and the accumulation area. The main source of the mudflow is the piedmont pluvial silty clay. ② Earthquake provides initial momentum, while melting snow, winter irrigation of farmland, and low temperature freezing raise the local groundwater level, which are the main triggering factors of the mudflow. The topographic slope provides subsequent kinetic energy, and the geological lithology provides condition for vibrational liquefaction, which are the inherent causes of the mudflow. ③ There are lateral and bottom scraping effects in the process of mudflow transportation, especially in the three flow direction changing areas, where lateral scraping and local accumulation are significant. Eventually, it quickly flows into Jintian Village and Caotan Village at the mouth of the gully. The results obtained can provide ideas and theoretical basis for the risk assessment of secondary disasters caused by earthquakes in the Guanting Basin and even the sedimentary basins in the upper reaches of the Yellow River.
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Key words:
- Jishishan earthquake /
- vibrational liquefaction /
- snow melting /
- winter irrigation /
- silty clay /
- mudflow hazard
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表 1 土样砂粒、粉粒和粘粒占比
Table 1. The proportion of sand, silt, and clay particles in the soil sample
土样编号 取样位置 砂粒含量
＞75 μm粉粒含量
5 ~75 μm粘粒含量
＜5 μm土样1 形成区液化土 7.90% 79.69% 12.41% 土样2 流通区液化土 9.35% 78.22% 12.43% 土样3 堆积区液化土 9.49% 77.98% 12.53% 土样4 形成区上层红色黏土 14.72% 59.00% 26.28% 
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表 2 粉质黏土粘聚力与内摩擦角
Table 2. Cohesion and internal friction angle of the silty clay
样品状态 粘聚力（kPa） 内摩擦角正切（°） 相关系数 天然 13.38 7.3 0.99486 饱和 7.07 9.9 0.97579
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