Genesis of Kumutashi Fluorite Deposit in the West Altyn-Tagh Orogen, NW China: Constraints from Apatite In-Situ U-Pb Dating, Sr-Nd Isotope and Chemistry
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摘要:
近年来，阿尔金西段取得萤石找矿重大突破，相继发现卡尔恰尔和库木塔什等矿床，但成矿时代和成矿机制研究薄弱。笔者选取库木塔什矿床与萤石密切共生磷灰石为研究对象，开展原位U-Pb定年、Sr-Nd同位素及地球化学分析，以探讨萤石矿成矿时代及矿床成因。磷灰石常呈自形–半自形结构，表面均匀，单偏光下近乎透明，主要与萤石、方解石、带云母、氟碳铈矿等矿物共生。结果显示，磷灰石U-Pb同位素年龄为（448±27 ）Ma，成矿作用与碱长花岗岩侵入活动密切相关，均为晚奥陶世构造–岩浆活动产物。磷灰石中F含量为4.20%～5.12%，Cl含量小于0.02%，极低的Cl含量表明出溶的流体Cl含量较低。磷灰石稀土元素含量较高（908×10−6～2164×10−6），稀土配分曲线显示强烈Eu负异常和Ce正异常，且与萤石、方解石、碱长花岗岩有明显的一致性，推测与岩浆-热液阶段大量流体出溶密切相关。磷灰石的87Sr/86Sr值为0.70913～0.71047，143Nd/144Nd值为0.51138～0.51153，εNd(t)值为−13.3～−10.3，表明成矿物质具有壳幔混合特征。综合研究表明，阿尔金西段萤石成矿时代为奥陶纪，与同期碱长花岗岩密切相关，形成于后碰撞伸展阶段，成矿流体来源于碱长花岗岩的熔体–流体演化，为岩浆热液充填型矿床。
Abstract:In recent years, significant breakthroughs in fluorite prospecting have been made in the western Altyn-Tagh Terrane, and Kaerqiaer, Kumutashi and other deposits have been discovered successively, however, the research on metallogenic epoch and ore-forming processes are still unclear. In this paper, the closely symbiotic apatite with fluorite were selected as the research object to carry out the main microanalysis of apatite, U-Pb dating and in situ Sr-Nd isotopic test analysis, so as to explore the metallogenic epoch and the genesis of deposit. The apatite often has a self-semi-automorphic structure with uniform surface and nearly transparent under monopolarized light, mainly symbiotic with fluorite, calcite, tainiolite, bastnaesite and other minerals. The study shows that the U-Pb isotope age of apatite microregion is (448±27) Ma, and the fluorite mineralization is closely related to the invasive activity of alkali feldspar granite, all of which are the products of the late Ordovician tectonic-magmatic activity. The F content of apatite is 4.20% to 5.12%; the Cl content is less than 0.02%, and the very low Cl content indicates a low dissolved fluid Cl content. The content of rare earth elements is high (908×10−6～2164×10−6), and the partition curve of rare earth shows strong Eu negative anomaly and positive Ce negative anomaly. This anomaly is obviously consistent with its associated fluorite, calcite and alkali feldspar granite, which may be closely related to the dissolution of massive fluid in the magma-hydrothermal stage. The ratio of 87Sr/86Sr of apatite is from 0.70913 to 0.71047, the ratio of 143Nd/144Nd is from 0.51138 to 0.51153, and εNd(t) is from −13.27 to −10.26, reflecting that the ore-forming materials have the characteristics of crust-mantle mixing. Comprehensive studies show that the ore-forming age of fluorite in the western Altyn-Tagh Terrane is Ordovician, closely related to the same period alkali feldspar granite, formed in the post-collision extension stage, the ore-forming fluid may be derived from the melt-fluid evolution of alkali feldspar granite, and it is a magmatic hydrothermal filling type deposit.
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图 5 库木塔什萤石矿区磷灰石SiO2-MnO图解（据Zhao et al., 2020）
Figure 5.
表 1 库木塔什萤石矿区磷灰石主量元素含量（%）
Table 1. Major elements composition (%) of apatite from the Kumutashi fluorite deposit
样号 F SiO2 P2O5 Na2O SrO FeO MnO CaO Cl BaO Total F/Cl 01 4.47 0.15 40.7 0.25 0.12 / 0.06 55.7 0.01 0.16 99.7 745 02 4.39 0.07 41.3 0.23 0.13 0.05 0.04 55.7 0.01 0.10 100 399 03 4.48 0.14 40.4 0.25 0.08 0.03 0.04 56.1 0.02 0.05 99.7 213 04 4.86 0.14 40.6 0.23 0.19 / 0.02 55.7 0.01 0.10 99.8 374 05 4.60 / 41.3 0.45 0.08 0.02 0.01 55.5 0.01 0.01 100 418 06 5.12 0.15 40.6 0.29 0.13 0.04 / 55.5 0.01 / 99.7 639 07 4.59 0.27 40.3 0.22 0.06 0.06 / 55.9 0.01 0.08 99.5 656 08 4.66 0.15 41.1 0.17 0.14 0.03 / 55.5 0.02 / 99.8 194 09 5.04 0.22 41.2 0.27 0.07 / 0.04 55.6 0.01 / 100 630 10 4.20 0.26 41.2 0.21 0.10 0.07 0.09 56.2 0.02 / 101 200 11 4.30 0.22 40.5 0.22 0.09 0.05 0.03 56.0 0.01 0.04 99.6 330 注：“/”表示含量低于检测限。 
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表 2 库木塔什萤石矿区磷灰石、方解石微量元素与稀土元素表（10−6）
Table 2. Trace element and rare earth element compositions (10−6) of apatite and calcite from the Kumutashi fluorite deposit
样品号 Ap-01 Ap-02 Ap-03 Ap-04 Ap-05 Ap-06 Ap-07 Ap-08 Ap-09 Cal-01 Cal-02 Cal-03 Cal-04 矿物 磷灰石 磷灰石 磷灰石 磷灰石 磷灰石 磷灰石 磷灰石 磷灰石 磷灰石 方解石 方解石 方解石 方解石 Sc 0.26 0.16 0.2 0.22 0.15 0.17 0.2 0.14 0.12 0.36 0.37 0.42 0.28 V 65.3 65.9 68.9 92.5 103 95.1 97 93.1 94.7 0.07 0.13 0.16 0.10 Mn 130 118 287 126 135 111 104 104 111 1158 1187 1187 1182 Fe 248 216 232 203 198 181 182 178 172 1535 1530 1541 1537 Co 0.06 0.03 0.27 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.09 Ga 0.29 0.22 1 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.1 0.13 0.11 0.42 0.34 0.23 0.22 Rb 0 0.01 0 0.03 0 0.04 0.03 0 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.46 Sr 834 888 891 810 708 713 715 699 676 1218 1228 1235 1221 Y 103 124 118 85 58.1 74.4 78.1 75.4 57.4 36.6 36.8 36.2 35.0 Sn 0.25 0.17 0.22 0.2 0.13 0.12 0.23 0.15 0.13 0.06 0.09 0.02 0.08 Cs 0 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0 0.01 0 0.00 0.01 0.10 0.08 Ba 3.51 4 32.3 3.6 2.53 3.33 2.99 2.77 2.47 12.8 7.66 6.25 5.70 La 309 366 343 223 159 194 209 205 150 34.3 41.1 14.1 9.87 Ce 892 1016 949 625 453 540 570 561 428 102 113 57.4 46.5 Pr 110 125 119 77.7 57.3 68.2 70.6 70 52.8 13.5 13.4 8.95 7.4 Nd 394 450 434 270 205 241 250 243 189 50 50.2 37.7 33.5 Sm 68.7 78.7 75.3 48.2 35 42.3 43.6 41.7 32.9 10.1 10.5 9 8.75 Eu 6.63 7.72 7.44 5.01 4.07 4.29 4.56 4.43 3.54 1.05 1.07 1 1.02 Gd 45.4 53.2 52.3 32.3 23.7 28 29.4 28 22.6 7.65 7.99 8.23 7.19 Tb 5.55 6.39 6.19 3.99 2.94 3.59 3.6 3.53 2.91 1.13 1.17 1.09 1.1 Dy 27.7 32.5 30.8 21.5 14.9 18.4 18.7 18.1 14.1 6.95 6.78 6.93 6.56 Ho 4.35 5.22 4.98 3.49 2.48 2.91 3.02 2.94 2.45 1.4 1.42 1.35 1.32 Er 11 12.8 12.2 8.34 6.21 7.66 7.81 7.49 5.93 4.08 4.19 4.07 4.17 Tm 1.23 1.56 1.43 1.04 0.75 0.92 0.94 0.96 0.69 0.62 0.59 0.6 0.58 Yb 6.88 8.32 7.32 5.59 3.96 4.62 4.84 4.95 3.74 4.33 4.27 4.31 4.2 Lu 0.77 0.96 0.94 0.68 0.52 0.65 0.58 0.6 0.42 0.69 0.6 0.67 0.66 W 0.05 0.06 0.33 0.06 0.03 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 Bi 5.19 5.08 5.65 4.56 3.5 3.76 3.4 3.56 2.95 0.05 0.16 0.05 0.07 Th 184 184 213 327 260 281 243 243 221 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 U 25.7 24.3 27.5 31.7 18.4 22.4 17.1 17.2 15.2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ΣREE 1883 2165 2043 1325 968 1157 1217 1191 908 238 256 155 133 LREE 1780 2044 1927 1249 913 1090 1148 1124 856 211 229 128 107 HREE 103 121 116 76.9 55.5 66.7 68.9 66.5 52.8 26.8 27 27.2 25.8 LREE/HREE 17.3 16.9 16.6 16.2 16.5 16.3 16.7 16.9 16.2 7.87 8.48 4.7 4.16 （La/Y）N 32.2 31.6 33.6 28.7 28.8 30.2 31 29.7 28.7 5.67 6.91 2.35 1.69 δEu 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.37 0.41 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38 0.35 0.34 0.35 0.38 δCe 1.18 1.16 1.15 1.16 1.16 1.15 1.15 1.14 1.18 1.17 1.17 1.22 1.27 样品号 Cal-05 Cal-06 Cal-07 Cal-08 Cal-09 Cal-10 Cal-11 Cal-12 Cal-13 Cal-14 Cal-15 Cal-16 Cal-17 矿物 方解石 方解石 方解石 方解石 方解石 方解石 方解石 方解石 方解石 方解石 方解石 方解石 方解石 Sc 0.47 0.36 0.37 0.44 0.34 0.45 0.32 0.56 0.19 0.47 0.59 0.50 0.70 V 0.07 0.14 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.20 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.13 1.79 0.18 0.20 Mn 1176 1192 1372 1469 1423 1493 1389 1376 1058 1775 1800 2497 3858 Fe 1556 1549 2695 3668 2559 4443 2475 2466 1169 1885 2636 2506 3710 Co 0.01 0.12 0.11 0.12 0.12 0.08 0.09 0.12 0.07 0.09 0.21 0.09 0.14 Ga 0.28 0.38 0.25 0.24 0.33 0.14 0.21 1.17 0.44 0.52 0.15 0.93 1.42 Rb 0.39 0.10 0.22 0.04 0.04 0.23 0.13 0.12 0.04 0.02 0.42 0.14 0.25 Sr 1187 1211 1110 1117 1125 1028 1146 1165 1047 1423 1049 2015 3011 Y 36.0 35.2 40.3 38.4 40.0 50.6 43.0 42.4 30.4 40.0 47.0 61.9 99.8 Sn 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.10 0.21 0.09 0.26 Cs 0.14 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.07 0.08 Ba 4.58 7.62 4.55 6.28 6.90 4.92 6.75 24.0 12.7 15.3 9.05 24.3 40.9 La 13.4 30.6 28.5 29.3 43 12.9 99.4 94.6 44.5 29.4 29.9 83.8 259 Ce 46.7 104 75.7 87.5 97.8 44.7 255 254 104 93.9 71.2 198 539 Pr 6.74 12.9 9.65 11.3 11.7 7.29 29.2 29.2 12.2 12.6 11.3 23.8 57.7 Nd 29.2 49.8 41.8 43.9 43.4 33.6 103 100 42.7 48.2 45.3 85 192 Sm 8.66 9.87 9.49 9.21 9.56 10.2 16.3 14.8 8.75 10.7 10.4 17 29.7 Eu 0.98 1.09 1.13 1.13 1.05 1.18 1.42 1.39 0.86 1.25 1.11 1.68 3.29 Gd 6.6 8.04 8.38 8.47 8.45 9.8 10.2 10.1 6.49 8.26 8.62 13 21.1 Tb 1.14 1.08 1.28 1.24 1.25 1.5 1.39 1.24 0.92 1.25 1.24 1.77 3.03 Dy 6.63 6.53 7.72 7.68 7.84 9.91 8.18 8.16 5.28 7.3 7.96 11.7 17.4 Ho 1.35 1.34 1.58 1.46 1.52 1.92 1.65 1.62 1.14 1.34 1.62 2.18 3.73 Er 4.17 4.02 4.83 4.83 4.84 5.62 5.23 4.93 3.42 4.61 5 6.71 10.9 Tm 0.61 0.62 0.75 0.68 0.69 0.79 0.75 0.71 0.47 0.66 0.85 0.99 1.49 Yb 4.05 4.23 5.09 4.81 5 5.66 5.24 5.19 3.25 4.73 5.51 6.63 11.8 Lu 0.67 0.63 0.79 0.74 0.82 0.78 0.91 0.82 0.51 0.75 0.9 1.09 1.67 W 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.01 Bi 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.11 0.18 0.40 0.29 0.38 Th 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.31 0.14 0.11 0.35 0.70 U 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.37 0.02 0.60 ΣREE 131 235 197 212 237 146 538 527 235 225 201 453 1152 LREE 106 209 166 182 207 110 504 494 213 196 169 409 1081 HREE 25.2 26.5 30.4 29.9 30.4 36 33.5 32.8 21.5 28.9 31.7 44 71.1 LREE/HREE 4.19 7.87 5.47 6.1 6.79 3.05 15.1 15.1 9.93 6.78 5.33 9.29 15.2 （La/Yb）N 2.37 5.19 4.01 4.37 6.16 1.63 13.6 13.1 9.83 4.45 3.88 9.06 15.7 δEu 0.38 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.35 0.36 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.39 0.35 0.33 0.38 δCe 1.2 1.29 1.12 1.18 1.05 1.11 1.15 1.18 1.08 1.2 0.95 1.07 1.04 注：δEu=EuN/（SmN×GdN）1/2; δCe=CeN/（LaN×PrN）1/2。
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表 3 库木塔什矿区磷灰石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb分析结果
Table 3. LA-ICP-MS apatite U-Pb isotopic data from the Kumutashi fluorite deposit
测点号 元素含量（10−6） U/Th 同位素比值 U Th n（238U）/
n（206Pb）2σ n（207Pb）/
n（206Pb）2σ n（207Pb）/
n（235U）2σ n（206Pb）/
n（238U）2σ n（208Pb）/
n（232Th）2σ 01 31.2 220 0.32 3.89 0.0530 0.4044 0.0069 14.16 0.1996 0.2572 0.0035 0.3304 0.0094 02 36.7 258 0.31 4.47 0.0524 0.3835 0.0037 11.57 0.2336 0.2239 0.0026 0.2735 0.0064 03 44.3 284 0.34 4.89 0.0572 0.3817 0.0042 10.53 0.1982 0.2045 0.0024 0.2740 0.0064 04 47.3 300 0.31 5.11 0.0821 0.3622 0.0047 9.54 0.1923 0.1957 0.0031 0.2443 0.0051 05 29.7 202 0.16 3.70 0.0656 0.4060 0.0065 15.23 0.2960 0.2702 0.0048 0.3171 0.0083 06 29.9 212 0.16 3.44 0.0463 0.4171 0.0047 16.10 0.2191 0.2907 0.0039 0.3269 0.0085 07 29.1 198 0.16 3.47 0.0453 0.4134 0.0054 15.83 0.2357 0.2883 0.0038 0.3328 0.0069 08 30.8 214 0.16 3.65 0.0493 0.4119 0.0051 15.01 0.2139 0.2743 0.0037 0.3207 0.0083 09 32.0 225 0.15 3.69 0.0430 0.4134 0.0050 15.01 0.2086 0.2709 0.0032 0.3131 0.0096 10 31.8 217 0.16 3.69 0.0549 0.4207 0.0055 15.25 0.2204 0.2711 0.0040 0.3245 0.0073 11 36.7 255 0.16 4.06 0.0766 0.4008 0.0061 13.24 0.1785 0.2460 0.0046 0.2912 0.0077 12 35.8 247 0.16 4.03 0.0700 0.4063 0.0062 13.56 0.2164 0.2480 0.0043 0.2894 0.0084 13 35.1 240 0.16 4.03 0.0569 0.4098 0.0068 13.71 0.1863 0.2482 0.0035 0.2950 0.0087 14 36.3 250 0.16 4.05 0.0725 0.4123 0.0064 13.68 0.2371 0.2468 0.0044 0.2880 0.0083 15 54.4 331 0.26 5.83 0.1343 0.3344 0.0050 7.48 0.2133 0.1715 0.0040 0.2344 0.0060 16 57.3 345 0.25 5.72 0.0905 0.3442 0.0060 7.77 0.1164 0.1748 0.0028 0.2417 0.0063 17 51.6 323 0.35 6.29 0.1334 0.2775 0.0040 5.95 0.1339 0.1591 0.0034 0.2336 0.0068 18 52.4 322 0.34 6.20 0.1610 0.2811 0.0058 6.09 0.1674 0.1612 0.0042 0.2320 0.0078 19 53.0 329 0.29 5.92 0.1796 0.3070 0.0050 6.76 0.2174 0.1688 0.0051 0.2353 0.0081 20 55.3 339 0.23 5.43 0.0730 0.3645 0.0049 8.58 0.1444 0.1842 0.0025 0.2484 0.0073 21 53.7 328 0.27 5.78 0.1402 0.3228 0.0057 7.21 0.1931 0.1731 0.0042 0.2433 0.0083 22 48.8 309 0.39 6.32 0.1086 0.2587 0.0038 5.61 0.1081 0.1582 0.0027 0.2325 0.0071 23 50.6 319 0.37 6.24 0.1206 0.2646 0.0040 5.80 0.1216 0.1604 0.0031 0.2315 0.0064 24 56.2 347 0.21 5.19 0.1003 0.3873 0.0058 9.57 0.1592 0.1928 0.0037 0.2533 0.0056 25 42.9 308 0.27 4.16 0.0680 0.5004 0.0070 16.28 0.2830 0.2404 0.0039 0.2926 0.0072 26 50.1 358 0.23 5.07 0.0826 0.3905 0.0054 10.31 0.1208 0.1974 0.0032 0.2444 0.0056 27 36.4 289 0.27 4.08 0.0488 0.4882 0.0049 15.99 0.2317 0.2448 0.0029 0.2952 0.0062 28 37.1 362 0.27 6.03 0.0983 0.2567 0.0044 5.95 0.1040 0.1658 0.0027 0.1837 0.0058 29 29.9 235 0.26 3.70 0.0550 0.5267 0.0075 18.96 0.3393 0.2702 0.0040 0.3157 0.0072 30 43.8 457 0.17 4.80 0.0598 0.3948 0.0054 10.93 0.1380 0.2084 0.0026 0.2053 0.0047 31 43.5 256 0.41 5.34 0.0705 0.2731 0.0034 6.79 0.0948 0.1873 0.0025 0.2880 0.0066 32 59.1 332 0.44 7.78 0.1007 0.2113 0.0026 3.62 0.0450 0.1286 0.0017 0.2061 0.0059 33 74.5 493 0.34 8.32 0.0930 0.1960 0.0025 3.36 0.0691 0.1201 0.0013 0.1669 0.0038 34 47.2 280 0.28 5.83 0.0945 0.2570 0.0036 6.07 0.0985 0.1716 0.0028 0.2374 0.0075 35 48.6 285 0.42 6.75 0.0910 0.2251 0.0034 4.42 0.0579 0.1482 0.0020 0.2208 0.0048 36 65.1 384 0.34 7.11 0.0759 0.2165 0.0025 4.31 0.0591 0.1407 0.0015 0.2062 0.0044 37 39.3 340 0.22 6.55 0.0959 0.2264 0.0033 4.90 0.0826 0.1527 0.0022 0.1736 0.0037 38 63.5 328 0.49 8.18 0.0948 0.1847 0.0027 3.09 0.0409 0.1223 0.0014 0.2061 0.0052 39 52.4 336 0.39 7.99 0.1200 0.1875 0.0023 3.23 0.0408 0.1251 0.0019 0.1921 0.0042 40 51.6 340 0.38 7.97 0.1127 0.1804 0.0025 3.13 0.0404 0.1255 0.0018 0.1867 0.0051
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表 4 库木塔什磷灰石原位Sr-Nd同位素分析结果
Table 4. Sr and Nd isotopic results from the Kumutashi fluorite deposit
样号 87Rb/86Sr 87Sr/86Sr 147Sm/144Nd 143Nd/144Nd εNd（t） 01 0.000058 0.70933 0.10390 0.51149 −11.1 02 0.000004 0.70973 0.10454 0.51151 −10.6 03 0.000058 0.70943 0.10273 0.51151 −10.7 04 0.000058 0.70947 0.09928 0.51141 −12.7 05 0.000058 0.70960 0.10504 0.51143 −12.1 06 0.000058 0.70948 0.10259 0.51140 −12.8 07 0.000058 0.71047 0.10482 0.51149 −11.1 08 0.000058 0.70938 0.10411 0.51151 −10.7 09 0.000040 0.70949 0.10202 0.51153 −10.3 10 0.000014 0.70965 0.10394 0.51152 −10.4 11 0.000111 0.70916 0.10724 0.51145 −11.8 12 0.000014 0.70928 0.10426 0.51138 −13.3 13 0.000144 0.70913 0.10444 0.51145 −11.9 14 0.000140 0.70921 0.10245 0.51138 −13.2 15 0.000015 0.70915 0.10371 0.51149 −11.0
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