The Characteristics of Ore-forming Fluids and Metallogenic Mechanism of the Kumutashi Fluorite Deposit in West Altyn Tagh, China
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摘要:
库木塔什萤石矿床位于阿尔金西段卡尔恰尔超大型萤石矿带内，是近年来新发现的一处大型萤石矿床，矿体以萤石–方解石脉型为主，伴生含锂带云母，产于古元古界阿尔金岩群的NE向与近EW向断裂中。目前，关于矿床成矿流体特征与成矿机制的研究较为薄弱。本研究以不同成矿阶段萤石和方解石的流体包裹体为研究对象，开展流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温、激光拉曼光谱和H、O同位素研究。成矿过程可划分早阶段（Ⅰ）、晚阶段（Ⅱ）两个阶段。早阶段形成块状矿石，主要发育富气两相水溶液包裹体和CO2三相包裹体，均一温度为225.1～410.8 ℃，盐度为5.20～9.63 wt%NaCleqv，密度为0.25～0.76 g/cm3；晚阶段形成角砾状、网脉状矿石，主要发育富液两相和富气两相水溶液包裹体，均一温度为117.2～347.8 ℃，盐度为0.53～12.73 wt%NaCleqv，密度为0.40～0.91 g/cm3。包裹体的液相成分以H2O为主，含有少量CO2，气相成分以CO2为主，含少量的CH4、N2、H2及H2S等。成矿早期流体为中高温、中低盐度、低密度的NaCl-H2O-CO2热液体系，成矿晚期流体为中低温、低盐度、低密度的NaCl-H2O-CO2热液体系。H、O同位素研究结果表明，成矿流体来源于岩浆热液和大气降水的混合。成矿早期萤石的沉淀机制主要为岩浆热液和大气降水混合以及水–岩反应，晚期进一步发生流体混合作用，致使温度降低，形成角砾状及网脉状矿石。库木塔什萤石矿床属岩浆热液充填型脉状萤石矿床。
Abstract:Kumutashi fluorite deposit is located in the Kaerqiaer super-large fluorite ore belt in the western Altyn Tagh, which is a newly discovered large fluorite deposit in recent years. The ore body is dominated by fluorite-calcite vein type, associated with lithium-bearing mica, and occurs in the NE and nearly EW faults of the Paleoproterozoic Altyn Tagh rock group. At present, the research on the characteristics of ore-forming fluid and ore-forming mechanism is relatively weak. Fluid inclusions in fluorite and calcite from different mineralization stages were studied by petrography, microthermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy, and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes. The ore-forming process can be divided into two stages: the early stage (Ⅰ) and the late stage (Ⅱ). The massive ores formed in the early stage are mainly gas-rich two-phase aqueous inclusions and CO2 three-phase inclusions with homogenization temperature ranging from 225.1 to 410.8 ℃, salinity from 5.20 to 9.63 wt%NaCleqv and density from 0.25 to 0.76 g/cm3; In the late stage, brecciated and stockwork ores were formed, and liquid-rich two-phase and gas-rich two-phase aqueous inclusions were mainly developed, with homogenization temperature ranging from 117.2 to 347.8 ℃, salinity from 0.53 to 12.73 wt%NaCleqv, and density from 0.40 to 0.91 g/cm3. The liquid phase of the inclusion is mainly composed of H2O with a small amount of CO2, and the gas phase is mainly composed of CO2 with a small amount of CH4, N2, H2 and H2S. In the early stage of mineralization, the fluid was a NaCl-H2O-CO2 hydrothermal system with medium-high temperature, medium-low salinity and low density, while in the late stage of mineralization, the fluid was a NaCl-H2O-CO2 hydrothermal system with medium-low temperature, low salinity and low density. The results of hydrogen and oxygen isotope studies indicate that the ore-forming fluids were derived from a mixture of magmatic hydrothermal and meteoric water. Fluorite precipitation in the early stage of mineralization was mainly due to the mixing of magmatic hydrothermal solution and meteoric water, as well as water-rock reaction. In the late stage, fluid mixing further occurred, resulting in the decrease of temperature and the formation of brecciated and stockwork ores. Kumutashi fluorite deposit belongs to magmatic hydrothermal filling type vein fluorite deposit.
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Key words:
- fluid inclusion /
- H-O isotopes /
- metallogenic mechanism /
- Kumutashi /
- west Altyn Tagh
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图 8 库木塔什萤石矿床成矿流体H、O同位素图解（底图据Taylor, 1974）
Figure 8.
表 1 库木塔什萤石矿床流体包裹体特征参数
Table 1. Characteristics parameters of fluid inclusions in the Kumutashi fluorite deposit
阶段 矿物 均一温度（℃）
均值冰点温度（℃）
均值盐度（wt%NaCleqv）
均值密度（g/cm3）
均值压力（MPa）
均值深度（km）
均值Ⅰ 萤石 225.1～390.2
315.7 （n=13）−5.8～−3.2
−4.2 （n=13）5.20～8.91
6.720.63～0.88
0.7561.0～108.7
85.82.03～3.62
2.86粗晶方解石 321.2～410.8
368.4 （n=27）−7.4～−3.82
−5.2 （n=27）6.12～11.00
8.140.58～0.76
0.6887.9～112.7
100.92.93～3.76
3.36Ⅱ 萤石 117.2～214.8
156.4 （n=16）−8.9～−0.3
−4.4 （n=16）0.53～12.73
6.860.89～1.02
0.9632.3～58.9
40.11.08～1.96
1.36细晶方解石 206.4～291.2
241.5 （n=24）−6.8～−3.2
−4.9 （n=24）5.20～10.24
7.670.78～0.93
0.8755.8～78.5
65.91.86～2.62
2.20
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表 2 库木塔什萤石矿床流体包裹体气、液相成分激光拉曼探针分析结果
Table 2. Results of laser Raman probe analysis of gas and liquid components of fluid inclusions in the Kumutashi fluorite deposit
成矿阶段 样品号 寄主
矿物包裹体类型 x（气相）（%） x（液相）（%） CO2 H2S CH4 N2 H2 总和 CO2 H2S CH4 SO2 H2O 总和 Ⅰ阶段 KM1-1-3 萤石 富气两相 100 100 100 100 KM1-1-5 萤石 富气两相 90.4 9.59 100 10.5 89.5 100 KM1-1-4 萤石 富液两相 100 100 19.8 80.2 100 KM1-2-2 萤石 富液两相 61.6 38.4 100 100 100 KM1-2-3 萤石 富液两相 38.8 61.2 100 100 100 KM1-1-2 粗晶方解石 富气两相 93.1 6.92 100 100 100 KM1-2-4 粗晶方解石 富气两相 100 100 0.05 99.9 100 KM1-3-3 粗晶方解石 富气两相 88.6 11.4 100 100 100 KM1-4-1 粗晶方解石 富气两相 100 100 0.07 99.9 100 KM1-5-1 粗晶方解石 富气两相 71.7 3.5 24.8 100 0.07 99.9 100 Ⅱ阶段 KM3-1-1 细晶方解石 富液两相 100 100 100 100 KM3-2-1 细晶方解石 富液两相 100 100 100 100 KM3-2-2 细晶方解石 富液两相 60.0 16.9 100 100 100 KM3-4-1 细晶方解石 富液两相 83.4 16.6 100 100 100 KM3-3-2、3 细晶方解石 富液两相 100 100 100 100 KM3-3-4 细晶方解石 富液两相 100 100 0.02 99.9 100 注：x（气相）（%）为摩尔数的相对百分含量；x（液相）（%）为摩尔数的相对百分含量。
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表 3 库木塔什萤石矿床流体H、O同位素组成
Table 3. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition of fluid in the Kumutashi fluorite deposit
成矿阶段 样品号 样品名称 δDV-SMOW（‰） δ18OV-SMOW（‰） I阶段 KM23-2 萤石 −61.6 −2.0 KM23-3 萤石 −68.6 −2.2 Ⅱ阶段 KM23-1 萤石 −58.1 −2.1 KM23-5 萤石 −70.3 −2.4 KM23-6 萤石 −71.9 2.8 KM03-d1 萤石 −68.1 −3.5
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