CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF JINZHOU CITY
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摘要:
以锦州市为研究区，分析8种土壤重金属As、Cd、Hg、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni的污染特征，采用单因子污染指数法、地累积指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法确定锦州市土壤重金属污染程度，评价土壤重金属潜在生态风险.结果表明，锦州市土壤重金属Cd和Cr含量高于全国土壤及辽宁省土壤背景值，Cu、Hg、Ni和Pb含量高于辽宁省土壤背景值.采用单因子污染指数评价，Cd为中度污染，Hg、Pb、Cr、Ni和Cu为轻度污染.经地累积指数法评价，Cd为轻中度污染，其他重金属为无污染.内梅罗综合污染指数平均值为2.25，为中度污染等级.研究区综合潜在风险指数平均值为157.34，处于中等生态风险，造成局部地区土壤潜在生态风险较高的重金属为Cd和Hg.
Abstract:Taking Jinzhou City as the study area, the paper analyzes the pollution characteristics of 8 soil heavy metals including As, Cd, Hg, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni, and uses the methods of single factor pollution index, geoaccumulation index, Nemerow comprehensive index and Hakanson potential ecological risk index to determine the degree of soil heavy metal pollution and evaluate the potential ecological risk. The results show that the contents of Cd and Cr in soil are higher than the soil background values of China and Liaoning Province, and the contents of Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb also higher than the soil background values of the province. The single factor index evaluation results reveal Cd is at moderate pollution level, while Hg, Pb, Cr, Ni and Cu mild pollution. The geoaccumulation index evaluation results reflect Cd is at light-moderate pollution level and other heavy metals pollution-free. The average Nemerow comprehensive pollution index is 2.25, indicating a moderate pollution grade. The average comprehensive potential risk index is 157.34, suggesting the study area is at moderate ecological risk. Cd and Hg contribute to high potential ecological risk in parts of the area.
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表 1 单项污染指数分级标准
Table 1. Grading standard of single factor pollution index
污染指数 Pi≤1 1 < Pi≤2 2 < Pi≤3 Pi > 3 污染分级 无污染 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染 
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表 2 内梅罗综合指数分级标准
Table 2. Grading standard of Nemerow comprehensive index
综合指数 P综≤0.7 0.7＜P综≤1 1＜P综≤2 2＜P综≤3 P综 > 3 污染分级 清洁（安全） 尚清洁（警戒） 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染
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表 3 地累积指数分级标准
Table 3. Grading standard of geoaccumulation index
地累积指数 Igeo≤0 0＜Igeo≤1 1＜Igeo≤2 2＜Igeo≤3 3＜Igeo≤4 4＜Igeo≤5 Igeo＞5 污染程度 无污染 轻中度污染 中度污染 中强度污染 强度污染 极强度污染 极严重污染
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表 4 潜在生态风险评价法分级标准
Table 4. Grading standard of potential ecological risk index
Ei Ei < 40 40≤Ei < 80 80≤Ei < 160 160≤Ei < 320 Ei≥320 RI RI < 150 150≤RI < 300 300≤RI < 600 RI≥600 － 潜在生态风险等级 轻微 中等 强 很强 极强
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表 5 锦州市土壤重金属含量统计
Table 5. Contents of soil heavy metals in Jinzhou City
元素 平均值 最大值 最小值 标准差 变异系数 背景值 辽宁省 全国 As 6.90 122.00 2.09 3.12 0.45 8.8 11 Cd 0.30 2.98 0.05 0.30 1.02 0.108 0.097 Cr 65.78 562.00 21.70 27.30 0.41 57.9 61 Cu 20.23 137.00 1.10 6.97 0.34 19.8 23 Hg 0.04 0.94 0.01 0.05 1.11 0.037 0.065 Ni 26.81 152.00 8.50 14.58 0.54 25.6 27 Pb 24.71 176.00 9.60 6.75 0.27 21.1 26 Zn 61.69 298.00 13.20 23.22 0.38 63.5 74 注：辽宁省背景值据文献[10]，全国背景值据文献[11]. 含量单位：10－6.
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表 6 锦州市土壤重金属单因子评价结果
Table 6. Evaluation results of single factor index method for soil heavy metal pollution in Jinzhou City
元素 最大值（Pmax） 最小值（Pmin） 平均值（Pave） 各级样点所占比例/% 超标率/% 无污染 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染 As 13.86 0.24 0.78 87.63 11.93 0.32 0.12 12.37 Cd 27.59 0.44 2.73 7.51 44.90 22.17 25.42 92.49 Cr 9.71 0.37 1.14 42.21 52.13 4.66 1.00 57.79 Cu 6.92 0.06 1.02 53.61 45.02 1.20 0.16 46.39 Hg 25.41 0.16 1.20 57.47 34.78 4.42 3.33 42.53 Ni 5.94 0.33 1.05 63.61 30.32 4.18 1.89 36.39 Pb 8.34 0.45 1.17 23.53 75.06 1.20 0.20 76.47 Zn 4.69 0.21 0.97 59.76 38.71 1.20 0.32 40.24
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表 7 锦州市土壤重金属地累积指数评价结果
Table 7. Evaluation results of geoaccumulation index for soil heavy metal pollution in Jinzhou City
元素 平均值Igeo 各级样点所占比例/% 无污染 轻中度污染 中度污染 中强度污染 强度污染 极强度污染 极严重污染 As -1.00 98.80 1.08 0.08 0 0.04 0 0 Cd 0.50 34.02 40.56 19.00 4.06 2.25 0.12 0 Cr -0.48 88.80 10.20 0.96 0.04 0 0 0 Cu -0.62 93.73 6.10 0.12 0.04 0 0 0 Hg -0.60 84.26 12.41 2.21 0.80 0.24 0.08 0 Ni -0.65 90.04 8.07 1.89 0 0 0 0 Pb -0.39 91.73 8.07 0.16 0.04 0 0 0 Zn -0.71 94.66 5.02 0.32 0 0 0 0 样点污染程度比例计算方式同表 6.
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表 8 锦州市土壤重金属Hakanson潜在生态风险评价结果
Table 8. Evaluation results of Hakanson potential ecological risk index for soil heavy metals in Jinzhou City
元素 最大值（Emax） 最小值（Emin） 平均值（Eave） 各级样点所占比例/% 轻微 中等 强 很强 极强 As 138.64 2.38 7.84 99.96 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 Cd 827.78 13.06 82.01 24.62 44.18 23.09 5.26 2.85 Cr 19.41 0.75 2.27 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cu 34.60 0.28 5.11 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Hg 1016.22 6.49 48.04 54.78 37.15 6.02 1.37 0.68 Ni 29.69 1.66 5.24 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Pb 41.71 2.27 5.86 99.96 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 Zn 4.69 0.21 0.97 100.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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