DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS AND INFLUENCING FACTORS OF GERMANIUM-RICH SOIL IN TYPICAL AGRICULTURAL AREA OF CHONGQING MUNICIPALITY
-
摘要:
通过采集重庆市典型农业区南川区8496件表层土壤样品，测定土壤锗及其他元素的含量，对锗含量特征及其影响因素进行分析探讨.研究结果表明：南川区土壤锗含量变化范围为0.13×10-6~13.59×10-6，平均值为1.54×10-6，高于重庆市"一小时经济圈"和重庆紫色土壤中锗的平均含量.研究区富锗（1.4×10-6以上）土壤面积达1 559.8 km2，主要分布在研究区南部.南川区高锗土壤主要分布在二叠系上统吴家坪组、长兴组和三叠系下统大冶组、嘉陵江组.土壤锗含量主要受成土母质控制，与土壤有机质呈显著正相关关系，与8项重金属元素存在伴生关系.中部高值区受密集的煤矿和人为影响较大.
Abstract:By collecting 8 496 topsoil samples from Nanchuan district, a typical agricultural area in Chongqing Municipality, the study tests the contents of germanium (Ge) and other elements in soil and discusses their characteristics and influencing factors. The results show that the soil Ge content is 0.13×10-6-13.59×10-6, averagely 1.54×10-6, higher than the average Ge content in the "one-hour economic circle" and purple soil in Chongqing. The Ge-rich (>1.4×10-6) soil area is up to 1 559.8 km2, mainly distributed in the south of the study area. The high-Ge soil in Nanchuan district is mainly distributed in the Upper Permian Wujiaping Formation and Changxing Formation, as well as the Lower Triassic Daye and Jialingjiang formations. The soil Ge content is mainly controlled by parent materials, which is positively correlated with soil organic matter and associated with 8 heavy metals. The high-value area in the middle is greatly affected by concentrated coal mines and human activities.
-
Key words:
- soil /
- germanium /
- element distribution /
- parent material /
- Chongqing Municipality
-
-
表 1 富集因子分级表
Table 1. Grading of enrichment factors
级别 富集因子（EF） 污染程度 1 ≤1 无污染 2 1~2 轻微污染 3 2~5 中度污染 4 5~20 显著污染 5 20~40 高度污染 6 > 40 极度污染 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 研究区与其他地区表层土壤锗含量对比
Table 2. Comparison of Ge contents in surface soil of the study area and other areas
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 研究区土壤锗含量分级
Table 3. Grading of soil Ge content in the study area
等级 丰富区 较丰富区 中等区 较缺乏区 缺乏区 标准范围/10-6 ＞1.5 1.4~1.5 1.3~1.4 1.2~1.3 ≤1.2 面积/km2 1118.4 441.4 417.9 506.8 117.5 占比/% 43 17 16.1 19.5 4.5
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 研究区不同地层出露区土壤锗含量
Table 4. Soil Ge contents in different formations of the study area
地层 J3p J3sn J2s J1z-J2x T3xj T2b T1d-j P3w-c P1l-m S O 
平均值/10-6 1.32 1.38 1.35 1.45 1.50 1.45 1.84 1.97 1.55 1.68 1.62 1.53 样本数/个 653 602 1609 547 400 301 773 217 281 1509 1604 450
下载: 导出CSV
表 5 研究区土壤锗含量与土壤性质的相关性
Table 5. Correlation coefficients of Ge contents and soil properties in the study area
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MgO CaO Na2O K2O MnO Corg pH Ge -0.415** 0.407** 0.575** -0.08** -0.064** -0.204** 0.211** 0.206** 0.255** 0.137** 注: *和**分别表示相关性达到显著水平(P < 0.05)和极显著水平(P < 0.01).
下载: 导出CSV
表 6 研究区土壤锗含量与土壤主要重金属元素的相关性
Table 6. Correlation coefficients of soil Ge contents and heavy metal contents in the study area
As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn Ge 0.197** 0.072** 0.413** 0.523** 0.044** 0.513** 0.175** 0.264** 注: *和**分别表示相关性达到显著水平(P < 0.05)和极显著水平(P < 0.01).
下载: 导出CSV
表 7 研究区不同土地利用方式下土壤锗含量
Table 7. Soil Ge contents by land use types in the study area
土地利用类型 水田 旱地 林地 园地 草地 村庄 城镇 道路 其他用地 样品数/个 2831 2193 2849 250 192 456 56 10 109 平均含量/10-6 1.50 1.60 1.52 1.58 1.66 1.60 2.15 1.74 1.49
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 谭林, 贾中民. 重庆市"一小时经济圈"土壤锗元素地球化学特征[J]. 中国金属通报, 2018(3): 81, 83. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JSTB201803042.htm
Tan L, Jia Z M. Geochemical characteristics of germanium in soils of the "one-hour economic circle" in Chongqing[J]. China Metal Bulletin, 2018(3): 81, 83. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JSTB201803042.htm
[2] Seaborn C D, Nielsen F H. Effects of germanium and silicon on bone mineralization[J]. Biological Trace Element Research, 1994, 42(2): 151-164. doi: 10.1007/BF02785386
[3] 林匡飞, 徐小清, 金霞, 等. 锗对水稻的生态毒理效应及临界指标[J]. 生态学报, 2005, 25(1): 108-114. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STXB200501017.htm
Lin K F, Xu X Q, Jin X, et al. Eco-toxicological effects of germanium stress on rice (Oryzasativa L. ) and their critical value[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(1): 108-114. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STXB200501017.htm
[4] 王晓洁, 阮新, 孙科深, 等. 大麦苗富锗的研究[J]. 食品科学, 2007, 28(10): 171-175. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1002-6630.2007.10.037
Wang X J, Ruan X, Sun K S, et al. Production of enriched germanium barley seedling[J]. Food Science, 2007, 28(10): 171-175. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1002-6630.2007.10.037
[5] 陈启航. 不同品种小麦中铜、锗、铬的含量及其与生长土壤的相关性研究[D]. 郑州: 河南农业大学, 2008.
Chen Q H. Determination of copper, germanium and chromium contents in wheats and correlation research with their growth soil[D]. Zhengzhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2008.
[6] Puerner N J, Siegel S M, Siegel B Z. The experimental phytotoxicology of germanium in relation to silicon[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1990, 49(1/2): 187-195. http://eurekamag.com/pdf.php?pdf=001975327
[7] 余飞, 贾中民, 李武斌, 等. 锗在土壤-水稻系统的迁移累积及其影响因素[J]. 三峡生态环境监测, 2018, 3(1): 66-74. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SXHC201801012.htm
Yu F, Jia Z M, Li W B, et al. Translocation and accumulation of germanium in paddy soil-rice plant system[J]. Ecology and Environmental Monitoring of Three Gorges, 2018, 3(1): 66-74. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SXHC201801012.htm
[8] 张风雷. 重庆市水江地区水稻重金属含量特征与健康风险评估[J]. 农业工程, 2018, 8(11): 71-73. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1795.2018.11.020
Zhang F L. Heavy metal content characteristics and health risk assessment of rice in Shuijiang area of Chongqing City[J]. Agricultural Engineering, 2018, 8(11): 71-73. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-1795.2018.11.020
[9] Seredin V V, Dai S F, Sun Y Z, et al. Coal deposits as promising sources of rare metals for alternative power and energy-efficient technologies[J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2013, 31: 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2013.01.009
[10] 黄少青, 张建强, 张恒利. 东北赋煤区煤中锗元素分布特征及富集控制因素[J]. 煤田地质与勘探, 2018, 46(3): 6-10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1986.2018.03.002
Huang S Q, Zhang J Q, Zhang H L. Distribution and controlling factors of enrichment of germanium in coal-bearing region of Northeast China[J]. Coal Geology& Exploration, 2018, 46(3): 6-10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1001-1986.2018.03.002
[11] Zoller W H, Gladney E S, Duce R A. Atmospheric concentrations and sources of trace metals at the South Pole[J]. Science, 1974, 183(4121): 199-201.
[12] 鲍丽然, 龚媛媛, 严明书, 等. 渝西经济区土壤地球化学基准值与背景值及元素分布特征[J]. 地球与环境, 2015, 43(1): 31-40. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZDQ201501005.htm
Bao L R, Gong Y Y, Yan M S, et al. Element geochemical baseline and distributions in soil in Chongqing West Economic Zone, China[J]. Earth and Environment, 2015, 43(1): 31-40. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-DZDQ201501005.htm
[13] Sutherland R A. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii[J]. Environmental Geology, 2000, 39(6): 611-627. doi: 10.1007/s002540050473
[14] 肖广全, 木志坚, 魏世强, 等. 重庆地区紫色土锗的背景含量及分布特征[J]. 水土保持学报, 2009, 23(5): 171-174, 214. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2009.05.036
Xiao G Q, Mu Z J, Wei S Q, et al. Background values and distribution characteristics of germanium of purple soils in Chongqing areas[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2009, 23(5): 171-174, 214. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1009-2242.2009.05.036
[15] 刘艳娟. 贵州省沿河县土壤及特色农产品硒锌锗调查研究[D]. 贵州: 贵州大学, 2009.
Liu Y J. Investigation of selenium, zinc and germanium in soils and characteristics agricultural products in Yanhe County, Guizhou[D]. Guizhou: Guizhou University, 2009(in Chinese).
[16] 曾妍妍, 周金龙, 郑勇, 等. 新疆若羌县绿洲区富锗土壤地球化学特征及成因分析[J]. 土壤通报, 2017, 48(5): 1082-1086. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRTB201705009.htm
Zeng Y Y, Zhou J L, Zheng Y, et al. Geochemical features of germanium-rich soils and its causes in oasis region of Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2017, 48(5): 1082-1086. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRTB201705009.htm
[17] 国家环境保护局, 中国环境监测总站. 中国土壤元素背景值[M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1990.
State Environmental Protection Administration, China National Environmental Monitoring Centre. Background values of soil elements in China[M]. Beijing: China Environmental Science Press, 1990. (in Chinese)
[18] 木志坚. 重庆地区紫色土锗的背景含量及分布特征[D]. 重庆: 西南大学, 2001.
Mu Z J. Background values and distribution characteristics of germanium of purple soils in Chongqing area[D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2001.
[19] 王绍强, 朱松丽, 周成虎. 中国土壤土层厚度的空间变异性特征[J]. 地理研究, 2001, 20(2): 161-169. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2001.02.005
Wang S Q, Zhu S L, Zhou C H. Characteristics of spatial variability of soil thickness in China[J]. Geographical Research, 2001, 20(2): 161-169. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1000-0585.2001.02.005
[20] 林南琴. 青海省首次发现大面积富锗土壤[J]. 西部资源, 2014(5): 60. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBZY201405055.htm
Lin N Q. A large area of germanium rich soil was found for the first time in Qinghai Province[J]. Western Resources, 2014(5): 60-60. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XBZY201405055.htm
[21] 鲍丽然, 贾中民, 李瑜, 等. 南川金佛山方竹笋营养安全品质和立地土壤评价[J]. 物探与化探, 2018, 42(5): 1089-1094. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WTYH201805032.htm
Bao L R, Jia Z M, Li Y, et al. Evaluation of nutritional and safe quality of Chimonobambusa utilis bamboo shoots and the surrounding soil in Nanchuan, Chongqing[J]. Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, 2018, 42(5): 1089-1094. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WTYH201805032.htm
[22] 马宏宏, 余涛, 杨忠芳, 等. 典型区土壤重金属空间插值方法与污染评价[J]. 环境科学, 2018, 39(10): 4685-4693. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ201810036.htm
Ma H H, Yu T, Yang Z F, et al. Spatial interpolation methods and pollution assessment of heavy metals of soil in typical areas[J]. Environmental Science, 2018, 39(10): 4685-4693. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJKZ201810036.htm
[23] 谢佰承, 张春霞, 薛绪掌. 土壤中微量元素的环境化学特性[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2007, 26(S1): 132-135. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH2007S1028.htm
Xie B C, Zhang C X, Xie X Z. Characteristics of environmental chemistry for trace elements in soil[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2007, 26(S1): 132-135. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH2007S1028.htm
[24] 王擎运, 张佳宝, 赵炳梓, 等. 不同施肥方式对典型壤质潮土中微量元素积累及其有效性的影响[J]. 土壤学报, 2012, 49(6): 1104-1113. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRXB201206005.htm
Wang Q Y, Zhang J B, Zhao B Z, et al. Influence of different long-term fertilization practices on accumulation and availability of micronutrients in typical loamy fluvo-aquicsoil[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2012, 49(6): 1104-1113. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRXB201206005.htm
[25] 罗友进, 韩国辉, 孙协平, 等. 三峡库区(重庆段)土壤硒分布特征及影响因素[J]. 土壤, 2018, 50(1): 131-138. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TURA201801018.htm
Luo Y J, Han G H, Sun X P, et al. Distribution of soil selenium in Three Gorges Reservoir Region (Chongqing Section) and its influential factors[J]. Soils, 2018, 50(1): 131-138. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TURA201801018.htm
[26] 魏显有, 刘云惠, 王秀敏, 等. 土壤中锗的形态提取和形态分布研究[J]. 环境化学, 2000, 19(3): 250-255. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0254-6108.2000.03.011
Wei X Y, Liu Y H, Wang X M, et al. Study on form extraction of germanium in soil and its form distribution[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2000, 19(3): 250-255. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0254-6108.2000.03.011
[27] 袁园. 理化性质对土壤-农作物系统重金属生物有效性影响研究进展[J]. 地球科学前沿, 2014, 4(4): 214-223.
Yuan Y. Research progress in the effect of physical and chemical properties on heavy metal bioavailability in soil-crop system[J]. Advances in Geosciences, 2014, 4(4): 214-223.
[28] 谢永泉. 锗的环境生态研究[J]. 广东微量元素科学, 1998, 5(2): 23-25. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GWYS199802005.htm
Xie Y Q. A study on environmental ecology of germanium[J]. Guangdong Trace Elements Science, 1998, 5(2): 23-25. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GWYS199802005.htm
[29] 卢家烂, 庄汉平, 傅家谟, 等. 临沧超大型锗矿床的沉积环境、成岩过程和热液作用与锗的富集[J]. 地球化学, 2000, 29(1): 36-42. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0379-1726.2000.01.006
Lu J L, Zhuang H P, Fu J M, et al. Sedimentation, diagenesis, hydrothermal process and mineralization of germanium in the Lincang super large germanium deposit in Yunnan Province, China[J]. Geochimica, 2000, 29(1): 36-42. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0379-1726.2000.01.006
-
图(3)
表(7)
计量
- 文章访问数: 974
- PDF下载数: 19
- 施引文献: 0