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我国稀土资源现状与冶炼技术进展

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谢东岳, 伏彩萍, 唐忠阳, 刘旭恒. 我国稀土资源现状与冶炼技术进展[J]. 矿产保护与利用, 2021, 41(1): 152-160. doi: 10.13779/j.cnki.issn1001-0076.2021.01.022
引用本文: 谢东岳, 伏彩萍, 唐忠阳, 刘旭恒. 我国稀土资源现状与冶炼技术进展[J]. 矿产保护与利用, 2021, 41(1): 152-160. doi: 10.13779/j.cnki.issn1001-0076.2021.01.022
shu
XIE Dongyue, FU Caiping, TANG Zhongyang, LIU Xuheng. Current Status of Rare Earth Resources in China and Progress of Extracting Technology[J]. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources, 2021, 41(1): 152-160. doi: 10.13779/j.cnki.issn1001-0076.2021.01.022
Citation: XIE Dongyue, FU Caiping, TANG Zhongyang, LIU Xuheng. Current Status of Rare Earth Resources in China and Progress of Extracting Technology[J]. Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources, 2021, 41(1): 152-160. doi: 10.13779/j.cnki.issn1001-0076.2021.01.022
shu

我国稀土资源现状与冶炼技术进展

  • 1.

    中南大学冶金与环境学院, 湖南 长沙 410083

  • 2.

    湖南柿竹园有色金属有限责任公司, 湖南 郴州 423037

详细信息

Current Status of Rare Earth Resources in China and Progress of Extracting Technology

  • 1.

    School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China

  • 2.

    Hunan Shizhuyuan Nonferrous Metals Co Ltd, Chenzhou 423037, China

More Information

    摘要

  • 综述了我国稀土资源概况及利用现状，针对不同类型的稀土矿资源，介绍了我国稀土冶炼技术的变革及绿色冶炼研究进展。结果表明，我国的稀土资源储量丰富、种类齐全并且出口量大，中国在世界稀土市场的地位举足轻重。随着轻、中重稀土新材料在不同领域应用情况变化，进一步加剧不同稀土元素需求不平衡的同时，推动了不同稀土矿冶炼技术绿色高效的发展，目前的冶炼技术实现了稀土资源高效利用，但仍需进一步研究绿色冶炼工艺。结合我国稀土资源日渐贫化的形势、稀土材料产业大而不强的现状及冶炼面临的环保问题，提出了未来稀土行业的发展趋势。一方面，通过稀土冶炼技术的革新，高效提取稀土资源的同时实现无氨生产及氟资源化，从源头上减少氨氮和氟的排放。另一方面通过高端稀土材料应用领域自主知识产权的建立，提升我国稀土产业核心竞争力，实现稀土产业的蓬勃发展。

    The general situation of rare earth resources and utilization status of rare earth in China are summarized. According to different types of rare earth mineral resources, the reform of rare earth smelting technology and the progress of green smelting are introduced. The results show that China not only is rich in rare earth resources but also has a large export volume, China plays an important role in the rare earth market of the world.?The changeable demand of new light and medium-heavy rare earth materials in different fields further aggravates the imbalance of demand for different rare earth elements.This situation promotes the development of green and efficient rare earth ore smelting technology. The current smelting technology can efficiently utilize the rare earth resources, however the green smelting process needs to be further studied. Chinese rare earth resources are continuously consumed and rare earth material industry in China is big but not strong enough. Smelting pollution is becoming increasingly serious. With the situation of Chinese rare earth material industry, the development trend of Chinese rare earth industry is put forward.On the one hand, developing ammonia-free smelting technology and realizing fluorine resource utilization are the directions of rare earth smelting technological innovation.On the other hand, with the establishment of independent intellectual property rights in the field of high-end rare earth material, we can enhance competitiveness of China's rare earth industry to realize the development of Chinese rare earth industry.

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  • 图 1  2019年世界各国稀土储量占比

    Figure 1. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图 2  我国烧结钕铁硼年产量

    Figure 2. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图 3  氧化焙烧-盐酸浸出工艺流程图

    Figure 3. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图 4  酸法焙烧法工艺

    Figure 4. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图 5  碱法处理混合矿工艺

    Figure 5. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    图 6  第三代离子吸附型稀土矿冶炼工艺

    Figure 6. 

    下载: 全尺寸图片 幻灯片

    表 1  2015—2019年稀土矿年产量概况

    Table 1.  Annual output of rare earth from 2015 to 2019

    年份 我国稀土矿年产量/万t 世界稀土矿年产量/万t 产量占比/%
    2015 10.5 13 80.8
    2016 10.5 12.9 81.4
    2017 10.5 13 80.8
    2018 12 19 63.2
    2019 13.2 21 62.9
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 2  我国2016—2020年稀土矿开采指标

    Table 2.  2016—2020 mining index of rare earth mines in China (t REO)

    年份 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
    轻稀土 87 100 87 100 100 850 112 850 120 850
    中重稀土 179 000 17 900 19 150 19 150 19 150
    总计 105 000 105 000 120 000 132 000 140 000
    下载: 导出CSV

    表 3  我国2016—2020年10月稀土氧化物平均价格

    Table 3.  Chinese Average price of rare earth oxides in October 2016—2020(万元/t REO)

    年份 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
    氧化钕 25.3 41.5 31.3 30.75 34.65
    氧化镨 31.25 53 40.4 37.25 32.25
    氧化铈 0.98 1.7 1.35 1.225 1.025
    氧化镧 1.15 1.65 1.4 1.225 1.025
    氧化钇 2.05 2.25 2.1 2.1 2.025
    氧化镝 122 117 114.8 169 163.5
    氧化钆 13.3 17.1 16.9 17.5
    氧化铽 275 352.5 290.5 370 483.5
    下载: 导出CSV
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收稿日期:  2020-11-13
刊出日期:  2021-02-25

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