Reviews of the Process Mineralogy Characteristics and Comprehensive Utilization Technology of Iron Ore Tailings in China
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摘要:
目前我国铁尾矿存在排放量大、成分复杂、资源化产品附加值低、规模化利用率低等问题, 实现铁尾矿的大宗量高效利用已成为绿色矿山的客观要求。因此, 通过对铁尾矿的工艺矿物学特性以及铁尾矿利用技术两个方面系统的归纳, 总结了不同类型铁尾矿的粒度、矿物组成、伴生元素、化学成分等基本特点, 综述了铁尾矿在再选回收有价组分和制备建筑材料、充填材料、肥料及土壤改良剂、介孔材料、3D打印材料等领域的资源化利用现状, 并指出了我国铁尾矿资源化利用现有技术存在的问题, 提出了我国铁尾矿进一步综合高效利用的方向和建议, 为不同特性铁尾矿的高效利用提供参考。
Abstract:The comprehensive utilization technology of iron ore tailings has played an important role in the green mine construction and social and economic sustainable development in China. On these accounts of large emission, low scale utilization rate and complex composition of tailings and low added value of iron ore tailings based products, It has become an urgent objective requirement of green mines to realize the comprehensive and efficient utilization of iron ore tailings. In this paper, the current research status of iron ore tailings in two aspects involving process mineralogy characteristics and recycling technology were summarized, including the particle size, mineral composition, associated elements and chemical composition of different types of iron ore tailings, as well as the recovery of beneficial components from tailings. In addition, the current research status of iron ore tailings in used as building materials, filling materials, fertilizer and soil amendments, mesoporous materials, 3D printing materials and so on were discussed. Meanwhile, the problems existing in iron ore tailings comprehensive utilization technology were point out, and the direction of efficient utilization was suggested. The above work provides reference for efficient utilization of iron ore tailings with different mineral composition and different types.
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图 1 铁尾矿制备介孔微球工艺流程[116]
Figure 1.
尾矿类型 排放地区 尾矿粒度 伴生元素 矿物组成 单金属类铁尾矿 高硅型铁尾矿 本钢南芬、东鞍山、弓长岭、首钢大石河、唐钢石人沟等 平均粒度0.04~0.2 mm 无其他伴生元素 90%含量以上都是石英、绿泥石、长石等硅酸盐矿物 高铝型铁尾矿 主要分布于长江中下游宁芜一带 -0.074 mm粒级占比为30%~60% 除了铝含量较高,个别的还含有P和S等伴生元素外,一般不含有别的伴生元素 长石、绿泥石、云母、高岭土和黄铁矿等 高钙镁型铁尾矿 主要集中在河北邯郸、承德地区的铁矿山 -0.074 mm粒级占比为50%~70% Ca、Mg含量高达10%~30%,同时含伴生元素有Co、S以及微量元素Cu、Pb、As、Ag和Au等 主要矿物成分是长石、白云石、方解石、黄铁矿和黄铜矿等 低钙镁铝硅型铁尾矿 一般分布在甘肃地区及内蒙西部地区 -0.074 mm粒级平均占比为73.2% Si、Ca、Mg和Al的含量都较低,常见的伴生元素Ba、Ge、Ga、Co、Ni和Cu 其主要成分有橄榄石、重晶石和碧玉等 多金属类铁尾矿 我国西南攀西地区、内蒙古包头地区和长江中下游的武钢地区 -0.074 mm平均平均占比为74.3% 常见的伴生元素有V、Ti、Cu、Co、S、Se、Au、Ag、Ni和Ga等,部分铁尾矿含有稀土矿物以及F元素 除富含有色金属外, 还含一定量的稀有金属、贵金属及稀散元素 Table 2. Chemical composition characteristics of iron tailings in different utilization ways
/% 用途 再选回收有价元素 制备充填材料 制备烧结砖 制备陶瓷 制备微晶玻璃 制备土壤改良剂 TFe 14.52~31.76 6.29~12.92 6.85~9.9 S 0.44~15.79 0.11~0.14 0.1~0.14 0.1~1.98 0.02~0.30 P 0.045~1.08 0.03~1.97 0.033~0.16 0.01~0.514 CaO 0.33~15.66 0.49~17.7 0.16~22.31 5.34~17.51 1.26~32.50 0.3~4.02 MgO 0.66~8.68 0.53~16.9 2.12~7.87 0.99~17.8 0.25~32.50 0.7~4.98 FeO 5.02~15.19 4.07~6.17 2.60~10.04 4.01~6.84 Al2O3 1.18~16.54 0.13~15.87 1.06~15.90 4.71~12.93 2.98~11.57 0.3~5.63 SiO2 18.14~62.72 48.95~60 28.51~77.52 24.40~75.31 37.3~79.1 65.4~84.3 K2O 0.27~2.33 0.22~0.51 0.37~1.66 0.314~4.56 0.40~3.51 0.9~2.64 TiO2 0.2~18.47 0.095~0.42 0.36~0.55 0.42~1.23 0.09~7.74 Fe2O3 15.16~21.84 9.29~27.07 5.50~46.17 7.37~44.5 3.18~22.08 5.00~13.81 SO3 0.33~7.85 0.09~1.61 Na2O 0.23~0.42 0.14~0.52 -
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