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摘要:
月球上赋存有丰富的铁（Fe）、钛（Ti）、铬（Cr）和铝（Al）等矿产资源。目前，原位资源利用（ISRU）是月球矿产资源开发利用的最有效途径，选矿是原位资源利用的关键步骤。然而传统选矿工艺技术不适用于月球低重力、水资源紧缺、极端温度的环境，新的选矿技术亟待研究。从月球表面已探明的有用气体元素、水冰型矿产资源、金属和非金属矿产资源的类型及分布出发，分析了月球重力、表面温度、水资源和灰尘等环境因素对月球选矿技术实施造成的阻碍，总结了低能耗提取、离心筛分、静电分选和磁选等月球选矿技术的模拟研究进展，对未来月球选矿技术发展进行了展望。
Abstract:The lunar is rich in iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr) and aluminum (Al) and other mineral resources. At present, in situ resource utilization (ISRU) is the most effective way to develop and utilize lunar mineral resources, and mineral processing is the key step of in situ resource utilization. However, the traditional mineral processing technology is not suitable for the lunar environment of low gravity, water shortage and extreme temperature, and new mineral processing technology needs to be studied urgently. Based on the types and distributions of proven useful gas elements, water−ice mineral resources, metal and non−metal mineral resources on the lunar surface, the obstacles caused by environmental factors such as lunar gravity, surface temperature, water resources and dust on the implementation of lunar mineral processing technology were analyzed, and the progress of simulation research on lunar mineral processing technology such as low−energy extraction, centrifugal screening, electrostatic separation and magnetic separation was summarized. The future development of lunar mineral processing technology is prospected.
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Key words:
- lunar /
- mineral resources /
- resource in−situ utilization /
- mineral processing
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表 1 月球金属资源矿产种类及其用途[8]
Table 1. Types and application of lunar metal resources and minerals
资源种类 矿产资源 赋存岩石 主要赋存矿物或来源 推测品位 可能用途 黑色金属 Fe 月海玄武岩 辉石、钛铁矿、橄榄石 20.00% 基地建设 Mn 月海玄武岩 辉石、橄榄石 0.30% 合金的添加料 Cr 月海玄武岩 铬铁矿、辉石 2.00% 制造钢材 Cr 高地苏长岩 铬铁矿 15.00% 制造钢材 稀有/放射性金属 Ti 高钛玄武岩 钛铁矿、辉石 16.00% 制造火箭外壳、基地建设 Th KREEP岩/其他演
化程度较高火成岩磷灰石、陨磷钙钠石 0.05% 核燃料、战略资源 U KREEP岩/其他演
化程度较高火成岩磷灰石、陨磷钙钠石 0.01% 核能燃料 Ce KREEP岩/其他演
化程度较高火成岩磷灰石、陨磷钙钠石 0.35% 特殊材料、战略资源 有色金属 Al 斜长岩 钙长石 18.00% 基地建设混凝土 Ni 月壤 陨石撞击 0.15% 制造火箭外壳、基地建设 Zn 火山玻璃 火山玻璃 0.08% 合金材料 其他 K KREEP岩/其他演
化程度较高火成岩磷灰石、陨磷钙钠石 9.00% 生命必需元素、重要原料 
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表 2 地球和月球对矿物加工环境影响的比较[4,23-24]
Table 2. Comparison of the environmental effects of the earth versus lunaron processing
指标 地球 月球 对月球选矿的影响 重力加速度/(m·s−2) 9.81 1.62 磨机建造耗材大；
影响矿物颗粒分离沉降平均地表温度/℃ 14 130～150（昼间）
−180～−160（夜间）可能会降低选矿设备的强度；
致使选矿药剂挥发或凝固人类活动 频繁 严格限制 要求选矿设备自动化程度较高 水资源/亿t 1.3×1010 2.7×103（预测） 月球水资源目前技术开采较困难；
要求选矿在无水条件下进行灰尘 容易压制 静电，磨蚀 对选矿设备造成磨损；
对人体健康造成损害
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