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摘要:
月球蕴藏着大量的金属与非金属矿产资源，充分利用月球矿产资源，可减少地球发射到月球的荷载，节约深空研究、开发成本。对月壤原位资源利用中的月壤物理特性、模拟月壤材料固化成型工艺和提取冶金工艺的一般原理、基本过程、技术特点及最新研究进展情况进行了综述，并对这些方法在月球矿物原位利用方面的应用前景进行了展望。
Abstract:The moon stores a large number of metallic and non−metallic mineral resources. Making full use of lunar mineral resources can reduce the load of Earth launched to the moon and save the cost of deep space research. In this paper, the physical properties of lunar soil, the general principles, basic processes, technical characteristics and the latest research progress of the solidification molding process of simulated lunar soil materials and the extraction metallurgy process are reviewed, and the application prospects of these methods in the in−situ utilization of lunar minerals are prospected.
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Key words:
- lunar soil /
- resource utilization /
- in-situ forming /
- metallurgical extraction
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表 1 模拟月壤3D打印技术
Table 1. Simulated lunar soil 3D printing technology
3D 打印技术 主要试验步骤 添加剂 缺点 挤出打印 又称为轮廓工艺，先打印出轮廓，然后填充轮廓
内部，实现建造部件的填充硫 硫需要从地球上运输，挤压过程受到微
重力的限制D−shape 3D打印 利用一个（或多个）可移动的打印喷管将黏结剂喷洒
至砂质材料，黏结后，多次叠加得到需要的建筑构件无机黏结剂 无机黏结溶液的运输和储存受到限制，
液体的打印喷射过程受到微重力的限制激光3D打印 激光被用来烧结粉末，一层一层压实，制造成型 烧结层间黏结效果较差，超高真空条件
下换热机理还没有形成系统的理论“月壤油墨”打印 月壤粉末直接配制成“油墨”，然后挤压成型 有机溶液 有机溶剂需要从地球输送，油墨挤压受
到微重力的限制光固化打印 紫外线被用来选择性地曝光材料，使印刷材料
凝固成特定的形状固化树脂 光固化树脂材料需要从地球输运，
打印成型固体结构易碎，抗冲击性差太阳光聚焦3D打印 利用阳光聚焦熔融月壤逐层成型 无 阳光聚焦效果差，而且穿透力很弱。
烧结样品薄，可控性低
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表 2 月壤冶金提取技术总结
Table 2. Summary of Moon Soil Metallurgical Extraction Technology
提取技术 温度/℃ 可直接提取得到的物质 特性 氢气还原 800～1000 Fe 可以直接提取金属铁，但只能处理月壤中的铁矿物，不能制取氧气。以水电解制氢为基础的氢冶金技术可直接制备金属和氧气，是较具前景的原位利用技术 碳基还原技术 800～1000 Fe、Si 可以直接提取硅，但是碳基还原剂需要从地球上运输，
不能制取氧气氟化过程 低于700 O2 过程复杂，氟需要从地球上运输。如能进一步提高氟循环效率，可能发展为一种重要的氧气制备手段 熔融电解 1600～2000 Fe、Ti、Al、
Si、Ca、Mg、O2能从月壤中提取大部需要的矿物和气体，但是对电极要求较高 熔盐电解 800～1000 Fe、Ti、Al、
Si、Ca、Mg、O2可以从月壤中提取大部分金属，对原材料要求低。但是熔盐需要从地球补充。电解法工艺成熟且对原料适应性高，理论上可以还原月壤风化层中的任何金属氧化物，但该技术与实现应用仍有较大差距，需进一步提升电流效率并不断改良惰性阳极材料 真空热解 2000～10000 Fe、Ti、Al、
Si、Ca、Mg、O2对试验设备要求较低，可以获得需要的金属和氧气，但是分解率较低。对月球环境适应性高，其中激光热解法具有技术原理简单、设备易操作、对原料要求低、月球环境适应性好等优点
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