Research Progress of Organochlorine Pesticides in Breast Milk of Biological Samples in the Last Twenty Years
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摘要: 有机氯农药（OCPs）至今是人体内残留浓度和检出率最高的有机污染物，母乳作为一种生物介质，被广泛用于人体中OCPs蓄积量、母乳中OCPs浓度的影响因素、婴幼儿母乳喂养期OCPs摄入量、人体中OCPs排泄动力学等研究领域。近二十年的研究表明：母乳中残留的OCPs主要有六氯苯（HCB）、滴滴涕（DDTs）和六六六（HCHs），浓度持续下降，总体上发展中国家高于发达国家，沿海地区高于内陆地区，热带地区高于其他地区；母乳中OCPs浓度主要受饮食习惯、年龄和分娩次数等因素的影响，在哺乳期浓度并不是持续下降，其排泄速度呈波动性变化趋势；不同国家和地区婴幼儿母乳喂养时OCPs日摄入量普遍低于WHO/FAO建议值，但在一些仍然使用OCPs的热带地区，婴幼儿OCPs日摄入量比WHO/FAO建议值高出几十倍。未来有关母乳中OCPs的研究将主要集中于：继续开展母乳中OCPs方法学研究，推进分析方法的标准化，提高评价方法和统计学方法的应用范围和可靠性；研究高暴露区和污染区OCPs对婴幼儿早期发育和未来生长健康的影响；研究OCPs在人体内的蓄积和排泄规律；结合统计学方法，开展母乳中OCPs与新生儿或成年人各种疾病相关性的统计流行病学研究。Abstract: Hitherto, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been reported with the highest residue level and the highest detection rate in human beings. Breast milk is the earliest biological medium used to research OCPs in humans and provides an effective way to study the exposure pathway of OCPs for humans, factors affecting OCPs concentration in breast milk, infant breastfeeding intake of OCPs, and OCPs excretion in humans. The conclusions of research in the last 20 years are as follows. First, the concentration of OCPs in breast milk continues to show a downward trend in world. p, p'-DDE, β-HCH and HCB are dominated OCPs in breast milk. In general, the residue levels of total OCPs in breast milk of developing countries show that in coastal areas and tropical regions they are higher than in developed countries, inland areas, and other regions, respectively. Second, concentration of OCPs in breast milk is affected primarily by age, delivery times and eating habits, and will not decrease during the breastfeeding period with waved drain mode. Finally, acceptable daily intake (ADI) of OCPs for infants is usually lower than the recommended value of WHO/FAO during the breastfeeding period. For infants of tropical regions where some OCPs are still used, the ADIs are obviously higher than the values recommended by WHO/FAO. In the future, the research of OCPs in breast milk will focus on these aspects. First, research on analytical or detecting methods of OCPs in breast milk will be carried out, the standardization of analytical methods will be promoted to expand the applied range of research data and improve the reliability and evaluation of the exposure risk for OCPs of humans, especially infants living in OCPs polluted areas. Second, research about the effect of OCPs on early development and future health of those infants, the excretion and accumulation rules of dominated OCPs in the human body such as metabolite DDE, β-HCH and HCB with multiple emission source, and statistical epidemiological studies using statistical method to reveal the relationship between OCPs in breast milk and disease of adult diseases will also be carried out.
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Key words:
- biological sample /
- breast milk /
- persistent organic pollutants /
- organochlorine pesticides /
- inflant
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