Determination of Twelve Major and Minor Elements in Tourmaline by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry with Fusion Sample Preparation
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摘要: 电气石是一类含硼的铝硅酸盐矿物，化学成分复杂、化学稳定性强，不易湿法分解，B2O3含量较高，导致其主次量元素的同时测定存在一定困难。本文采用熔融法制样，建立了X射线荧光光谱法测定电气石Na2O、MgO、Al2O3、SiO2、P2O5、K2O、CaO、TiO2、V2O5、Cr2O3、MnO、TFe2O3等主次量元素的分析方法。样品与四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂-氟化锂(质量比为4.5：1：0.4)混合熔剂的稀释比例为1：10，消除了粒度效应和矿物效应；在缺少电气石标准物质的情况下，选择土壤、水系沉积物及多种类型的地质标准物质绘制校准曲线，利用含量与电气石类似的标准物质验证准确度，测定结果的相对标准偏差小于4.2%。采用所建方法测定四种不同类型电气石实际样品，测定值与经典化学法基本吻合。本方法解决了电气石不易湿法分解和硼的干扰问题，测定结果准确可靠，与其他方法相比操作简便，分析周期短。Abstract: Tourmaline is a class of boron-bearing aluminosilicate minerals. It has a complex chemical component and stable chemical property, and is difficult to decompose by wet methods. The high content of B2O3 makes it difficult to simultaneously determine major and minor elements in tourmaline. X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) was applied to determine Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, K2O, CaO, TiO2, V2O5, Cr2O, MnO, TFe2O3 in tourmaline samples with fusion sample preparation in this study. The dilution ratio of 1:10 was set for the sample to flux lithium tetraborate-lithium metaborate-lithium fluoride (quality ratio of 4.5:1:0.4) in order to eliminate the particle size effect and mineral effect. When the tourmaline reference materials were unavailable, soil, stream sediment and different types of rock reference materials were used to establish calibration curves. The accuracy of the method was verified using reference materials that have chemical compositions similar to tourmaline. The relative standard deviation (RSD, n=11) was less than 4.2%. The proposed method was used to determine four different tourmaline samples, the results were in good agreement with the values obtained by wet chemical methods. This method solved the problem that tourmaline is difficult to decompose and eliminated the interference effect of boron. The analytical results are accurate and reliable. Compared with other methods, this method is easy to operate and has a short analytical time.
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表 1 XRF仪器分析条件
Table 1. Working conditions of the XRF instrument
元素 分析线 分析晶体 准直器 探测器 电压(kV) 电流(mA) 2θ (°) 背景(°) PHA LL UL Na Kα RX25 S4 PC 55 60 47.492 48.900 100 350 Mg Kα RX25 S4 PC 55 60 39.060 40.500 100 350 Al Kα PET S4 PC 55 60 144.730 147.000 100 330 Si Kα PET S4 PC 55 60 109.042 111.000 100 320 P Kα Ge S4 PC 55 60 141.042 143.300 80 300 K Kα LiF1 S4 PC 55 60 136.588 139.500 100 300 Ca Kα LiF1 S4 PC 55 60 113.062 115.000 100 300 Ti Kα LiF1 S4 PC 55 60 86.106 88.500 100 320 V Kα LiF1 S4 PC 55 60 77.002 74.000 100 320 Cr Kα LiF1 S4 PC 55 60 69.306 74.000 130 320 Mn Kα LiF1 S4 SC 55 60 62.944 63.700 100 350 Fe Kα LiF1 S2 SC 55 60 57.476 58.800 80 350 Br Kα1 LiF1 S2 SC 55 60 29.928 31.000 100 300 Rh Rh-Kα1 LiF1 S2 SC 55 60 17.518 - 100 300 Rh Rh-KαC LiF1 S2 SC 55 60 18.442 - 100 300 注：均未使用滤光片, 衰减器均为1/1；Br用于校正Al的谱线重叠干扰；Rh为内标元素。 
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表 2 标准物质各元素含量范围
Table 2. Content range of elements in the certified reference materials
元素 含量范围(%) Na2O 0.0066~13.77 MgO 0.041~61.43 Al2O3 0.053~38.62 SiO2 0.62~98.51 P2O5 0.0030~0.92 K2O 0.0041~9.6 CaO 0.052~40.39 TiO2 0.0040~7.69 V2O5 0.0004~0.14 Cr2O3 0.0004~1.57 MnO 0.0015~0.32 TFe2O3 0.093~24.75
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表 3 各组分校准曲线及基体校正
Table 3. Calibration curves of the components and matrix effect correction
元素 校准曲线方程 相关系数 基体校正项 重叠校正项 Na2O y=2.64274x-0.114574 0.9999 - - MgO y=0.930348x+0.0357911 0.9998 - - Al2O3 y=0.420649x-0.0226954 0.9999 Fe Br SiO2 y=0.423045x-2.27949 0.9992 Na, Mg, Ca - P2O5 y=0.144936x-0.000210712 0.9987 - - K2O y=0.0585628x-0.0343324 0.9997 - - CaO y=0.0650356x-0.001972964 0.9999 Mg Ti TiO2 y=0.0757955x-0.00999133 0.9997 Al - V2O5 y=0.0567832x+0.0102023 0.9976 - Ti Cr2O3 y=0.0296265x-0.0221646 0.9999 - V MnO y=0.0234417x-0.0037977 0.9966 Mg - TFe2O3 y=22.2998x-0.0147243 (0%~0.5%) 0.9908 Si, Al - y=20.5091x+0.128553 (0.5%~30%) 0.9997 Si, Al - 注：y为组分含量(%)，x为经校正后的计数率(kcps)或内标比；TFe2O3校准曲线是以Rh-KαC作内标，依据不同含量范围分段绘制校准曲线；“-”表示未作校正。
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表 4 方法检出限
Table 4. Detection limits of the method
元素 方法检出限(μg/g) 计算值 测定值 Na2O 102 426 MgO 66 192 Al2O3 103 156 SiO2 21 180 P2O5 16 25 K2O 10 21 CaO 13 21 TiO2 9 27 V2O5 5 23 Cr2O3 3 15 MnO 5 17 TFe2O3 8 21
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表 5 方法准确度
Table 5. Accuracy tests of the method
元素 GBW07180 校准样品1 校准样品2 本法(%) 推荐值(%) 本法(%) 推荐值(%) 本法(%) 推荐值(%) Na2O 0.034 0.040 2.03 2.03 1.83 1.81 MgO 0.36 0.31 0.34 0.32 0.31 0.30 Al2O3 43.37 42.97 33.91 33.99 38.02 38.11 SiO2 38.89 39.03 49.86 49.61 45.19 44.96 P2O5 0.14 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 K2O 0.22 0.19 3.28 3.29 2.95 2.95 CaO 0.096 0.12 1.15 1.14 1.07 1.06 TiO2 1.83 2.06 1.17 1.29 1.32 1.49 V2O5 0.011 0.013 - - - - Cr2O3 0.012 0.011 - - - - MnO 0.0016 0.0020 0.046 0.048 0.043 0.045 TFe2O3 0.35 0.41 1.80 2.03 1.75 2.00 注：“-”表示标准物质中该元素缺乏定值，未检测。
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表 6 XRF分析不同制样方法的分析结果比对
Table 6. A comparison of analytical results of tourmaline samples measured by fusion and powder pellet preparation in XRF method
元素 推荐值(%) 粉末压片法 本法(熔融法) 测定值(%) 相对误差(%) 测定值(%) 相对误差(%) Na2O 2.43 2.22 -8.5 2.27 -6.6 MgO 8.40 8.34 -0.8 8.49 1.1 Al2O3 32.60 31.84 -2.3 32.76 0.5 SiO2 36.24 35.36 -2.4 36.07 -0.5 P2O5 0.14 0.19 35.7 0.15 7.1 K2O 0.11 0.13 18.2 0.12 9.1 CaO 0.55 0.72 30.2 0.59 7.3 TiO2 0.62 0.59 -4.8 0.61 -1.6 V2O5 0.027 0.036 32.0 0.026 -3.7 Cr2O3 0.012 0.014 16.7 0.014 16.7 MnO 0.024 0.030 20.8 0.025 4.2 TFe2O3 5.07 5.32 4.9 5.16 1.8
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表 7 本法与化学法的分析结果比对
Table 7. A comparison of analytical results of tourmaline samples measured by this method with chemical method
元素 DQS-2 DQS-3 DQS-4 本法(%) 化学法(%) 本法(%) 化学法(%) 本法(%) 化学法(%) Na2O 1.61 1.59 2.03 2.04 1.71 1.73 MgO 5.65 5.58 0.60 0.52 0.078 0.070* Al2O3 19.63 19.48 27.89 27.99 29.92 29.77 SiO2 40.79 40.65 39.57 39.69 52.99 52.74 P2O5 0.21 0.19 0.009 0.011 0.13 0.12 K2O 0.18 0.17 0.064 0.050 0.54 0.57 CaO 7.47 7.38 0.57 0.49 1.19 1.10 TiO2 0.47 0.45 0.18 0.18 0.010 0. 013* V2O5 0.033 0.034 - - - - Cr2O3 0.023 0.024 - - - - MnO 0.13 0.13 0.26 0.24 0.035 0.031 TFe2O3 8.77 8.64 17.71 17.52 0.10 0.10 注：标注“*”的数据表示该数据为高压密闭酸溶，ICP-OES法测定值；“-”表示低于检出限，没有提供测定值。
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