Distribution Characteristics and Sources Identification of Selenium-rich Soils in the Ecological Conservation Area of the Daqinghe River Watershed, Beijing
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摘要: 北京是典型的硒缺乏地理分布区，但近些年研究成果表明局部地区土壤达到富硒水平，掌握该区富硒分布特征对于开展北京地区的富硒环境研究和开发利用富硒土地资源具有重要意义。本文以北京大清河流域生态涵养区1615km2地球化学调查数据为基础，采用原子荧光光谱（AFS）等方法测定了研究区1297件表层土壤、25组玉米及对应根系土壤和15件岩石中Se等地球化学指标；利用相关分析、多元统计分析方法，结合GIS技术，研究土壤和农作物中硒含量特征、富硒成因来源以及土壤硒与碳铁磷等其他元素的关系，评价富硒土地的安全性。结果表明：研究区土壤硒含量区间为0.055~0.465mg/kg，背景值为0.257mg/kg，呈现富硒特征，厘定出360.4km2富硒土地资源。当地种植的玉米硒含量变化范围为0.028~0.70mg/kg，几何均值为0.20mg/kg，80%的玉米样本为富硒农产品，且土壤富硒与作物富硒空间分布一致，指示土壤硒是作物体内硒的重要供给来源。研究认为，地质背景和成土母质是研究区富硒土地资源分布的主控因素，河流相沉积的暗色岩系是重要的土壤硒来源。富硒土地整体环境质量清洁安全，仅3.23km2（面积占比0.2%）土壤重金属（镉汞铅）含量超风险管控值，在土地开发过程中需重点关注。Abstract:
BACKGROUNDBeijing is a typical geographical distribution area of selenium deficiency. However, some research results in recent years indicate that the soils in some areas reaches the level of selenium enrichment. It is important to study the characteristics of selenium distribution in these areas for the research of a selenium-rich environment in Beijing and the development of selenium-rich land resources. OBJECTIVESTo discuss the characteristics of selenium content in soil and crops, the source of selenium and the relationship between selenium in soil and other elements such as carbon, iron and phosphorus, and to evaluate the safety of selenium-rich land. METHODSSamples of 1297 topsoil, 25 sets of corn and corresponding root soil and 15 rock samples were collected from an eco-conserving division of the Daqinghe River watershed. The content of selenium in these samples was determined by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Methods of correlation analysis and multivariate statistical analysis and GIS technology were used to study the characteristics of selenium content in soil and crops, the source of selenium enrichment, and the relationship between soil selenium and other elements such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, and the safety of selenium-rich land was evaluated. RESULTSThe results showed that the soil selenium content ranged from 0.055 to 0.465mg/kg and that the background value was 0.257mg/kg, which show selenium-rich characteristics. 360.4km2 selenium-rich land resources was identified. The selenium content of corn ranged from 0.028 to 0.70mg/kg, and the geometric mean was 0.20mg/kg. 80% of the corn samples were selenium-rich products. The selenium-rich soil and the selenium-rich crops had the same spatial distribution, which indicated that the soil was an important source of selenium in crops. CONCLUSIONSGeological background and soil parent material are the key control factors affecting the distribution of selenium-rich land resources. Dark rock series of fluvial deposition are a crucial source of selenium in soil. The overall environmental quality of selenium-rich land is clean and safe, and only 0.2% of the area (3.23km2) contains soil heavy metal (Cd, Hg, Pb) content, which exceeds the level of risk management control. Due to these findings, attention needs to be paid during selenium-rich land development. -
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表 1 研究区表层土壤硒丰缺水平分布面积统计
Table 1. Distribution area of selenium level in topsoils of the study area
测试项目 硒缺乏土壤 边缘硒土壤 适量硒土壤 高硒土壤 硒过剩区 硒含量
(mg/kg)≤0.125 0.125~0.175 0.175~0.40 0.40~3.0 >3.0 面积(km2) 49.2 110.1 986.1 360.4 0 面积占比
(%)3.27 7.31 65.48 23.93 0 
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表 2 土壤与玉米硒含量分级统计
Table 2. Selenium content grading statistics in soils and crops
土壤硒含量
分级标准[31]样本量
(件)研究区内周口店农业种植区 根系土硒含量范围
(mg/kg)根系土硒含量平均值
(mg/kg)玉米硒含量范围
(mg/kg)玉米硒含量平均值
(mg/kg)缺乏
(≤0.125mg/kg)2 0.060~0.075 0.068 0.028~0.30 0.16 边缘
(0.125~0.175mg/kg)2 0.151~0.152 0.152 0.031~0.075 0.053 中等
(0.175~0.400mg/kg)12 0.186~0.382 0.268 0.12~0.50 0.18 高
(0.400~3.00mg/kg)9 0.401~0.820 0.586 0.11~0.70 0.26 过剩
(≥3.0mg/kg)0 - - - -
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表 3 研究区不同时代地层岩石中Se含量分布特征
Table 3. Characteristics of Se content in strata of different ages
地层时代 岩石类型 样本量
(件)硒含量范围
(mg/kg)硒含量平均值
(mg/kg)寒武—奥陶系 白云岩 4 0.007~0.034 0.016 灰岩 灰岩 灰岩 石炭—二叠系 千枚岩 4 0.016~0.16 0.07 千枚岩 页岩 砂岩 侏罗系
(窑坡组—龙门组)砂岩 3 0.023~0.093 0.057 泥页岩 页岩 花岗岩 1 0.022 0.022 煤矸石 3 0.166~0.16 0.11
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表 4 研究区不同成土母质土壤Se元素平均值
Table 4. Average values of Se in different soil parent materials of the study area
成土母质区 参与统计的
样本量(件)硒含量平均值
(mg/kg)蓟县系钙质岩 377 0.302 青白口系页片岩 180 0.444 寒武—奥陶系钙质岩 248 0.313 石炭—二叠系硅质岩(含煤系地层) 164 0.311 侏罗—白垩系硅质岩(含煤系地层) 39 0.352 岩浆岩 30 0.202 第四系 165 0.261
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表 5 研究区表层土壤重金属环境质量分区样点数及占比
Table 5. Statistics on number of samples and proportion of topsoil in heavy metal environmental quality area
重金属元素 环境质量分区 质量安全区 风险筛选区 风险管控区 ≤风险筛选值样点数(个) 占比(%) 风险筛选值~风险管制值样点数(个) 占比(%) ＞风险管制值样点数(个) 占比(%) Cd 1219 93.99 73 5.63 5 0.39 Hg 1293 99.69 3 0.23 1 0.08 As 1286 99.15 11 0.85 0 0.00 Pb 1292 99.61 4 0.31 1 0.08 Cr 1297 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 Cu 1287 99.23 10 0.77 - - Ni 1293 99.69 4 0.31 - - Zn 1288 99.31 9 0.69 - - 注：“-”表示《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 15618—2018)标准中无对应的评价风险管制值标准。
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