Screening of Extractable Reagents for Heavy Metal Elements in the Detailed Survey of Soil Pollution in China
-
摘要:
土壤重金属元素可提取态是衡量其生物有效性的重要指标，但其含量随着土壤酸碱性等环境条件的变化而改变，在提取土壤重金属元素可提取态时，不可避免地面临着提取剂与提取方法的选择。中国有关土壤重金属元素可提取态的标准分析方法或技术规范涉及的提取剂多达7种(pH=5.8盐酸溶液、0.1mol/L盐酸溶液、0.43±0.02mol/L硝酸溶液、0.11mol/L乙酸溶液、1mol/L硝酸铵溶液、0.005mol/L DTPA浸提剂、0.01mol/L氯化钙溶液)，不同学者对不同提取剂有不同的研究结论，对于通用提取剂的系统研究未见报道。本文选择代表性农耕土壤样品，采用以上7种提取剂提取其中8种重金属元素(镉镍铜锌铬铅砷汞)，电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定镉铬铜铅锌镍含量，原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测定砷和汞含量，对比了7种提取剂对各重金属元素的提取率，并研究了土壤酸碱性质对重金属元素提取率的影响。结果表明：①稀酸溶液对土壤重金属元素的提取率较高，且与土壤的酸碱性无关；② 1mol/L硝酸铵溶液虽然对镉的提取能力表征了镉在酸性土壤中的活性远大于碱性土壤的特点，但其对碱性土壤中铅的提取率大于镉；③DTPA提取剂对各重金属元素(尤其是铅、铜、锌)的提取率均显著高于0.01mol/L氯化钙溶液，且提取率随土壤酸碱性质的变化不显著；④0.01mol/L氯化钙溶液对镉的提取率最高，且与土壤酸碱性质密切相关，是土壤重金属元素可提取态较为理想的通用提取剂。
Abstract:BACKGROUND The extractable state of soil heavy metal elements is an important index to measure their bioavailability, but its content changes with soil acid-base properties and other environmental conditions. When determining which method to use for the extractable state of soil heavy metal elements, there are more than 7 kinds of extraction reagents involved in relevant standard methods or technical specifications. These include hydrochloric acid of pH=5.8, 0.1mol/L hydrochloric acid, 0.43±0.02mol/L nitric acid, 0.11mol/L acetic acid, 1mol/L ammonium nitrate solution, 0.005mol/L DTPA leaching agent, 0.01mol/L calcium chloride solution. Different scholars have different research conclusions on different extractants. There is no systematic research report on extractants suitable for different soil types.
OBJECTIVES To select and determine the general extractant suitable for the extractable state of heavy metal elements in soil with different acid-base properties.
METHODS Using typical farming soil samples as the research objective, 7 kinds of extracting agent were used to extract 8 heavy metals (Cd, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, As and Hg). Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, whereas atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) was used to determine As and Hg. The extraction rates of 7 kinds of extractants were compared, and the effects of soil acid and alkali properties on the extraction rate of heavy metal elements were studied.
RESULTS Dilute acid solution had a strong ability of leaching heavy metals from soil, and it was not related to the acidity and alkalinity of the soil. Although the extraction ability of 1mol/L ammonium nitrate solution for cadmium indicated that the activity of cadmium in acidic soil was much higher than that in alkaline soil, its extraction rate of lead in alkaline soil was higher than that of cadmium. The extraction rate of DTPA extractant for soil heavy metal elements was significantly higher than that of 0.01mol/L calcium chloride solution, especially for lead, copper and zinc. Moreover, the extraction rate of DTPA extractant for soil heavy metal elements did not change significantly with soil acid-base properties. 0.01mol/L calcium chloride solution had the highest extraction rate of cadmium in soil, which was closely related to the acid-base properties of soil.
CONCLUSIONS 0.01mol/L calcium chloride solution is an ideal general extractant for the extractable state of soil heavy metal elements.
-
-
表 1 不同稀酸溶液对土壤重金属元素的提取率
Table 1. Extraction rate of heavy metal elements in soil by different dilute acid solutions
样品编号 pH Cr提取率(%) Ni提取率(%) Cu提取率(%) Zn提取率数(%) 提取液① 提取液② 提取液③ 提取液① 提取液② 提取液③ 提取液① 提取液② 提取液③ 提取液① 提取液② 提取液③ GBW07943 8.37 0.48 5.37 3.85 1.09 27.0 18.2 4.46 29.3 29.3 1.37 35.6 21.4 GBW07944 8.18 0.37 6.41 5.34 0.27 25.0 16.7 2.56 29.8 29.8 0.39 31.8 15.3 GBW07945 8.34 0.17 6.56 4.87 2.25 29.4 19.1 9.93 30.3 30.3 1.61 39.6 18.0 GBW07946 8.50 0.20 5.91 4.42 0.58 26.8 19.5 5.20 40.8 40.8 0.61 34.5 16.9 GBW07947 8.24 0.39 7.75 5.64 1.16 30.2 22.1 3.89 29.6 29.6 1.91 38.6 21.2 GBW07412a 6.80 0.20 7.64 5.48 0.68 27.4 20.1 1.52 37.5 33.9 2.27 40.2 20.9 GBW07461 8.18 0.10 3.76 2.51 0.16 14.6 9.74 2.15 25.7 21.3 0.93 303 14.1 GBW07458 6.14 0.18 5.05 3.39 1.26 28.7 24.1 2.27 37.4 31.5 3.47 34.3 17.4 GBW07415a 6.18 0.11 3.19 2.71 0.40 9.03 5.25 1.52 32.0 31.9 1.87 23.1 11.8 GBW07416a 4.71 0.00 0.77 0.42 0.06 3.73 0.50 0.08 0.08 2.6 0.93 17.3 6.91 平均生物有效系数(%) - 0.22 5.24 3.86 0.79 22.18 15.52 3.36 29.2 28.1 1.54 32.5 16.4 样品编号 pH Cd提取率(%) Pb提取率(%) As提取率(%) Hg提取率数(%) 提取液① 提取液② 提取液③ 提取液① 提取液② 提取液③ 提取液① 提取液② 提取液③ 提取液① 提取液② 提取液③ HTSB-1 8.37 1.46 98.3 88.3 0.22 52.3 44.7 0.81 24.9 9.41 0.21 20.0 3.75 HTSB-2 8.18 2.47 50.0 60.0 0.05 41.4 28.3 0.37 17.2 11.6 0.26 28.2 0.95 HTSB-3 8.34 2.47 80.0 82.6 0.11 47.3 38.8 1.48 46.5 18.7 0.20 26.6 3.48 HTSB-4 8.50 2.11 85.9 78.9 0.12 47.3 35.4 0.67 29.4 9.26 0.33 19.5 2.09 HTSB-5 8.24 1.14 78.2 77.3 0.13 42.6 27.4 0.81 29.5 4.63 0.23 10.5 1.30 GBW07412a 6.80 4.82 46.4 52.7 0.42 55.7 35.4 0.26 21.0 10.6 0.72 100 1.50 GBW07461 8.18 3.40 66.0 73.1 0.11 65.5 52.6 0.16 20.7 6.38 0.42 26.8 0.79 GBW07458 6.14 21.18 54.6 63.6 0.33 55.2 32.8 0.10 14.4 2.83 0.48 41.0 1.43 GBW07415a 6.18 7.96 76.0 77.6 0.20 71.3 57.4 0.07 22.8 5.51 0.31 22.6 3.08 GBW07416a 4.71 16.36 42.4 49.4 0.02 40.8 35.6 0.01 1.39 0.24 0.08 40.5 27.3 平均生物有效系数(%) - 6.34 67.8 70.4 0.17 51.9 38.8 0.48 22.8 7.92 0.32 33.6 4.56 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 硝酸铵溶液和DTPA提取液对土壤重金属元素的提取率
Table 2. Extraction rate of heavy metal elements in soil by ammonium nitrate solution and DTPA
样品编号 pH Cr提取率(%) Ni提取率(%) Cu提取率(%) Zn提取率数(%) 提取液⑤ 提取液⑥ 提取液⑤ 提取液⑥ 提取液⑤ 提取液⑥ 提取液⑤ 提取液⑥ GBW07493 8.37 0.015 0.059 0.064 2.33 0.17 6.84 0.21 3.11 GBW07494 8.18 0.014 0.042 0.060 1.23 0.13 8.14 0.14 1.44 GBW07495 8.34 0.017 0.050 0.337 2.81 1.09 12.5 0.60 2.92 GBW07496 8.50 0.014 0.043 0.086 2.33 0.46 12.1 0.28 2.13 GBW07497 8.24 0.014 0.042 0.123 2.67 0.24 6.87 0.38 2.95 GBW07458 6.14 0.016 0.016 0.633 8.80 0.14 12.7 0.35 3.45 GBW07416a 4.71 0.028 0.009 0.334 0.28 0.13 0.85 1.43 0.77 平均生物有效系数(%) - 0.017 0.037 0.234 2.92 0.34 8.57 0.49 2.40 样品编号 pH Cd提取率(%) Pb提取率(%) As提取率(%) Hg提取率数(%) 提取液⑤ 提取液⑥ 提取液⑤ 提取液⑥ 提取液⑤ 提取液⑥ 提取液⑤ 提取液⑥ GBW07493 8.37 0.42 27.9 26.7 17.9 0.370 0.30 0.025 0.013 GBW07494 8.18 0.27 16.0 23.9 36.1 0.216 0.14 0.048 0.024 GBW07495 8.34 0.53 21.1 22.2 32.4 1.204 1.30 0.065 0.065 GBW07496 8.50 0.56 19.4 23.7 19.9 0.432 0.37 0.047 0.023 GBW07497 8.24 0.45 27.3 29.4 17.3 0.441 0.37 0.029 0.014 GBW07458 6.14 70.9 41.8 20.6 8.98 0.088 5.13 0.714 2.38 GBW07416a 4.71 46.9 21.0 17.9 11.5 0.773 1.06 1.455 0.91 平均生物有效系数(%) - 17.2 24.9 23.5 20.6 0.50 1.24 0.34 0.49
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 乙酸和氯化钙溶液对土壤重金属元素的提取率
Table 3. Extraction rate of heavy metal elements in soil by acetic acid and calcium chloride solution
样品编号 pH Cd生物有效系数(%) Cd生物有效系数(%) Ni生物有效系数(%) Pb生物有效系数(%) 提取液④ 提取液⑦ 提取液④ 提取液⑦ 提取液④ 提取液⑦ 提取液④ 提取液⑦ GXLZ-003 4.15 32.1 24.2 0.14 0.01 3.44 1.91 2.24 0.22 GXNN-020 6.05 33.1 29.3 0.14 0.01 2.84 1.4 0.45 0.035 GDSG-023 6.36 39.0 0.32 0.24 0.003 6.44 0.16 1.66 0.009 GZGY-002 6.53 20.5 0.20 0.04 0.02 1.14 0.54 1.05 0.014 SCMZ-004 6.53 28.9 8.25 0.05 0.01 2.74 0.76 0.2 0.034 SCSF-013 6.65 32.4 0.29 0.05 0.01 2.74 0.22 1.71 0.01 GZDF-024 7.41 28.9 0.60 0.06 0.02 1.28 0.44 2.15 0.017 SCMZ-002 7.48 51.7 37.0 0.06 0.02 2.52 7.94 4.23 0.36 SCSF-008 7.68 48.6 0.27 0.13 0.01 3.09 0.25 3.42 0.009 HNAY-003 7.75 50.6 0.21 0.15 0.00 3.68 0.83 3.35 0.018 HBBD-019 7.95 46.5 0.74 0.14 0.01 4.42 0.33 3.33 0.011 HBSJZ-002 8.02 24.8 3.37 0.11 0.003 2.06 0.63 9.22 0.007 平均生物有效系数(%) - 36.4 8.70 0.11 0.01 3.03 1.28 2.75 0.06 样品编号 pH Cu生物有效系数(%) Zn生物有效系数(%) As生物有效系数(%) Hg生物有效系数(%) 提取液④ 提取液⑦ 提取液④ 提取液⑦ 提取液④ 提取液⑦ 提取液④ 提取液⑦ GXLZ-003 4.15 6.46 0.48 5.4 0.06 1.27 0.06 0.38 0.02 GXNN-020 6.05 4.10 0.41 6.6 0.02 1.17 0.05 0.43 0.18 GDSG-023 6.36 4.89 0.69 20.4 0.04 1.15 0.07 0.29 0.07 GZGY-002 6.53 0.22 0.23 5.4 0.10 0.73 0.32 0.27 2.52 SCMZ-004 6.53 1.35 0.11 14.9 0.05 4.19 0.04 0.93 5.87 SCSF-013 6.65 2.35 0.14 24.1 0.02 2.57 0.11 0.16 0.003 GZDF-024 7.41 0.51 0.14 5.3 0.11 0.37 0.0006 0.66 0.02 SCMZ-002 7.48 1.38 0.28 15.6 0.16 2.24 0.74 0.1 0.02 SCSF-008 7.68 3.32 0.23 38.4 0.13 1.42 0.04 0.05 0.002 HNAY-003 7.75 2.40 0.2 9.4 0.18 13.3 0.6 0.59 0.06 HBBD-019 7.95 4.92 0.03 20.5 0.18 17.3 0.54 0.35 0.1 HBSJZ-002 8.02 7.11 0.02 5.3 0.04 3.27 0.11 1.82 0.34 平均生物有效系数(%) - 3.25 0.25 14.3 0.09 4.09 0.22 0.5 0.77
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 陈飞霞, 魏世强. 土壤中有效态重金属的化学试剂提取法研究进展[J]. 干旱环境监测, 2006, 20(3): 153-158. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-1504.2006.03.008
Chen F X, Wei S Q. Study of chemical extraction of heavy metals in soil[J]. Arid Environmental Monitoring, 2006, 20(3): 153-158. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-1504.2006.03.008
[2] 陈宗定, 许春雪, 刘贵磊, 等. 6种南方酸性土壤重金属元素氯化钙可提取态标准物质研制[J]. 冶金分析, 2021, 41(10): 12-22. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YJFX202110002.htm
Chen Z D, Xu C X, Liu G L, et al. Development of six extractable certified reference materials of calcium chloride for analysis of heavy metals in southern acid soil[J]. Metallurgical Analysis, 2021, 41(10): 12-22. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YJFX202110002.htm
[3] 高琳琳, 鮑广灵, 张宁, 等. 土壤重金属有效态纳入农田环境质量标准探讨[J]. 安徽农学通报, 2021, 27(10): 105-109, 114. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7731.2021.10.041
Gao L L, Bao G L, Zhang N, et al. Study on the availability of heavy metals in soil as a risk assessment index for heavy metal pollution of soil and agricultural products[J]. Anhui Agriculture Science Bulletin, 2021, 27(10): 105-109, 114. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-7731.2021.10.041
[4] 许建华编译. 日本《土壤污染对策》与土壤环境检测[J]. 环境检测管理与技术, 2006, 18(4): 49-51.
Xu J H (Translator). Japan "soil pollution counter-measures" and soil environmental testing[J]. Management and Technology of Environmental Testing, 2006, 18(4): 49-51.
[5] 刘玉荣, 党志, 尚爱安, 等. 几种萃取剂对土壤中重金属生物有效部分的萃取效果[J]. 土壤与环境, 2002, 11(3): 245-247. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2002.03.006
Liu Y R, Dang Z, Shang A A, et al. Comparing several extractants for extracting bioavailable part of heavy metals in soils[J]. Soil and Environmment, 2002, 11(3): 245-247. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2002.03.006
[6] 贺静, 林玉锁, 刘鹏, 等. 不同提取剂提取酸性土壤有效态Cu和Cd的方法研究[J]. 环境监测管理技术, 2009, 21(5): 25-29. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJJS200905006.htm
He J, Lin Y S, Liu P, et al. The study of extraction method for available copper and cadmium in acidity soil with different extractants[J]. China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House, 2009, 21(5): 25-29. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJJS200905006.htm
[7] 尹君, 刘文菊, 谢建治, 等. 土壤中有效态镉、汞浸提剂和浸提条件研究[J]. 河北农业大学学报, 2000, 23(2): 25-28. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1573.2000.02.007
Yin J, Liu W J, Xie J Z, et al. The study on extraction conditions and extractants of soil available Cd, Hg[J]. Journal of Hebei Agricultural Universtiy, 2000, 23(2): 25-28. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1573.2000.02.007
[8] 李亮亮, 张大庚, 李天来, 等. 土壤有效态重金属提取剂选择的研究[J]. 土壤, 2008, 40(5): 819-823. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9829.2008.05.024
Li L L, Zhang D G, Li T L, et al. On relation between heavy metal available contents of soil determined by different extractants and of maize organs[J]. Soils, 2008, 40(5): 819-823. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0253-9829.2008.05.024
[9] 尚爱安, 党志, 梁重山. 土壤/沉积物中微量重金属的化学萃取方法研究进展[J]. 农业环境保护, 2001, 20(4): 266-269. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH200104023.htm
Shang A A, Dang Z, Liang C S, et al. Procedings of chemical extraction of heavy metals in soils and sediments[J]. Agro-Environmental Protection, 2001, 20(4): 266-269. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH200104023.htm
[10] 周启星, 滕涌, 展思辉, 等. 土壤环境基准/标准研究需要解决的基础性问题[J]. 农业环境科学学报2014, 33(1): 1-14. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH201401001.htm
Zhou Q X, Teng Y, Zhan S H. Fundamental problems to be solved in research on soil-environmental criteria/standards[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2014, 33(1): 1-14. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH201401001.htm
[11] Wang W S, Shan X Q, Wen B, et al. Relationship betw-een the extractable metals from soils and metals taken up by maize roots and shoots[J]. Chemosphere, 2003, 53(5): 523-530. doi: 10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00518-6
[12] 李利梅, 成永霞, 袁远, 等. 土壤重金属有效态单级提取方法研究[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2020, 48(12): 13-15, 19. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2020.12.004
Li L M, Cheng Y X, Yuan Y, et al. Study on single-stage extraction method to heavy metals effective state in soil[J]. Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2020, 48(12): 13-15, 19. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2020.12.004
[13] 郝汉舟, 靳孟贵, 李瑞敏, 等. 耕地土壤铜、镉、锌形态及生物有效性研究[J]. 生态环境学报, 2010, 19(1): 92-96. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2010.01.018
Hao H Z, Jin M G, Li R M, et al. Fractionations and bioavailability of Cu, Cd and Zn in cultivated[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2010, 19(1): 92-96. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-5906.2010.01.018
[14] 郑绍建, 胡霭堂, 蒋廷惠, 等. 污染土壤中镉活性提取剂的选择[J]. 农业环境保护, 1995, 14(2): 49-53. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH502.000.htm
Zheng S J, Hu A T, Jiang Y H, et al. The selection of available cadmium extractants in contaminated soils[J]. Agro-Environmental Protection, 1995, 14(2): 49-53. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-NHBH502.000.htm
[15] 袁波, 傅瓦利, 蓝家程, 等. 菜地土壤铅、镉有效态与生物有效性研究[J]. 水土保持学报, 2011, 25(5): 130-134. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS201105029.htm
Yuan B, Fu W L, Lan J C, et al. Study on the available and bioavailability of lead and cadmium in soil of vegetable plantation[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2011, 25(5): 130-134. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-TRQS201105029.htm
[16] 利锋, 张学先, 戴睿志. 重金属有效态与土壤环境质量标准制订[J]. 广东微量元素科学2008, 15(1): 7-10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-446X.2008.01.002
Li F, Zhang X X, Dai R Z. The bioavailability of heavy metal and environmental quality standard for soil[J]. Guangdong Trace Elements Science, 2008, 15(1): 7-10. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-446X.2008.01.002
[17] 冯精兰, 胡鹏抟, 刘群, 等. 黄河中下游干流沉积物中重金属的赋存形态及其生态风险[J]. 环境化学, 2015, 34(1): 178-185. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJHX201501024.htm
Feng J L, Hu P T, Liu Q, et al. Chemical speciation and risk assessment of heavy metals in the sediments from the mainstream of middle and lower reaches of yellow river[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2015, 34(1): 178-185. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJHX201501024.htm
[18] 张大元, 熊强. 土壤-植物系统中汞的生物有效性及其调控[J]. 安徽农业科学, 2009, 37(31): 15593-15594, 15604. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2009.31.129
Zhang D Y, Xiong Q. Control and bioavailability of mercury in soil plant system[J]. Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2009, 37(31): 15593-15594, 15604. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0517-6611.2009.31.129
[19] 杨少斌, 孙向阳, 张骏达, 等. 北京市五环内绿地土壤4种重金属的形态特征及其生物有效性[J]. 水土保持通报, 2018, 38(3): 79-85. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STTB201803013.htm
Yang S B, Sun X Y, Zhang J D, et al. Speciation and bioavailability of four heavy metals in greenbelt soil within 5th ring road of Beijing City[J]. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation, 2018, 38(3): 79-85. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-STTB201803013.htm
[20] 王建乐, 谢仕斌, 王冠, 等. 不同提取剂提取土壤中重金属能力的对比研究[J]. 华南师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 52(1): 55-62. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HNSF202001009.htm
Wang J L, Xie S B, Wang G, et al. A comparative study of the capacity of different extractants to extract heavy metals in soil[J]. Journal of South China Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2020, 52(1): 55-62. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HNSF202001009.htm
[21] 李永涛, 刘科学, 张池, 等. 广东大宝山地区重金属污染水田土壤的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd全量与DTPA浸提态含量的相互关系研究[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2004, 23(6): 1110-1114. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1672-2043.2004.06.018
Li Y T, Liu K X, Zhang C, et al. Relationships between total and DTPA extractable contents of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd in trace metal-contaminated paddy soils of Dabaoshan, Guangdong[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2004, 23(6): 1110-1114. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1672-2043.2004.06.018
[22] 熊礼明, 鲁如坤. 土壤有效Cd浸提剂对Cd的浸提机制[J]. 环境化学, 1992, 11(3): 41-47. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJHX199203005.htm
Xiong L M, Lu R K. Extracting mechanism of chemical extractants for available cadmium in soils[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 1992, 11(3): 41-47. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-HJHX199203005.htm
[23] 颜世红, 吴春发, 胡友彪, 等. 典型土壤中有效态镉CaCl2提取条件优化研究[J]. 中国农学通报, 2013, 29(9): 99-104. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNTB201309020.htm
Yan S H, Wu C F, Hu Y B, et al. Optization of CaCl2 extraction of available cadmium in typical soils[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2013, 29(9): 99-104. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZNTB201309020.htm
[24] 张海强, 赵钟兴, 王晓飞, 等. 不同提取剂对蔗田土壤中重金属有效态提取效率的研究[J]. 江西农业学报, 2015, 27(8): 96-98. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JXNY201508022.htm
Zhang H Q, Zhao Z X, Wang X F, et al. Study on efficiency of different extractants in extraction of available heavy metals from soil of sugarcane field[J]. Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi, 2015, 27(8): 96-98. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JXNY201508022.htm
-
图(2)
表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 2031
- PDF下载数: 87
- 施引文献: 0