A Review of Research Progress on the Absorption Mechanism of Arsenic and Agronomic Pathways to Control Arsenic Absorption
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摘要: 全世界约一半人口以大米为主食，亚洲人口主食对水稻的依赖程度甚至超过90%。当前全球各地均存在不同程度的砷（As）污染，水稻容易在籽粒中积累砷，从而使砷通过食物链进入人体，威胁人体健康。水稻中砷含量水平为几个到几百个ng/g不等，砷从土壤进入水稻的过程涉及复杂的物理化学过程和形态转化，最终主要以砷酸、亚砷酸及砷的巯基、甲基配位等形态储存于大米中。田间水管理、施肥以及添加土壤改良剂等方法都可以控制稻田农田生态系统中水稻对砷的吸收，但是每种技术都有其优势和局限性。水稻农田生态系统中砷生物地球化学及水稻对砷的吸收和代谢等诸多因素都影响着水稻及谷粒中砷的浓度。综合考虑农艺活动对土壤中pH、氧化还原条件、有机质结构和共存元素等因素的影响，考虑不同的地域特征和经济因素，是在生产实践中实现控制水稻对砷吸收的关键。综合运用多种农艺方法进行水稻耕作是未来控制水稻吸收砷的重要途径；新型农艺方法在控制水稻吸收砷过程中的应用，气候变化对大米吸收砷的影响，以及非破坏原位与活体分析技术在砷形态分析中的应用，是未来在全球尺度上更科学有效地控制大米中的砷含量、降低人体砷暴露风险的关键，也是未来的重点发展方向和艰巨挑战。Abstract:
BACKGROUNDRice is the staple food of about half of the world's population, and the dependence of Asian staple food on rice exceeds 90%. There are varying degrees of arsenic (As) pollution all over the world. As can accumulate in rice and enter the human body, causing health problems. OBJECTIVESTo reveal the mechanism of As absorption in rice. METHODSThe content and species characteristics of As absorbed by rice and the species analysis techniques were reviewed. The mechanisms of As absorption, tolerance and detoxification by rice were summarized. RESULTSThe content of As in rice ranged from a few to several hundred ng/g. The process of As entering the rice from the soil involved complex physical and chemical changes and species transformation. Arsenic mainly existed in the form of arsenate, arsenite, thiol and methyl coordination in rice. Field water management, fertilization and soil amendments controlled the absorption of As in rice. Each technique had their advantages and disadvantages. Soil pH, redox conditions, organic matter and coexisting elements were the key factors affecting As absorption by rice. Agronomic methods can control the absorption of As by rice. Many factors such as arsenic biogeochemistry and the absorption and metabolism of arsenic in rice agroecosystems affect the concentration of arsenic in rice and grain. Comprehensive consideration of the effects of agronomic activities on soil pH, redox conditions, organic matter structure and coexisting elements, and different geographic factors such as soil characteristics and economic factors were the keys to realize the control of arsenic absorption by rice in production practice. CONCLUSIONSComprehensive use of multiple agronomic methods for rice farming is an important way to control the absorption of arsenic in rice in the future. Application of new agronomic methods in the control of arsenic absorption by rice, the impact of climate change on arsenic absorption by rice, and application of non-destructive in situ and in vivo analysis techniques for As speciation analysis, are keys for more scientifically and effectively controlling the arsenic content in rice and reducing the risk of human As exposure on the global scale in the future. These are also the key development directions and challenges in the future. -
Key words:
- rice /
- arsenic /
- iron plaque /
- aerobic irrigation /
- water management /
- fertilization /
- soil amendment /
- healthy geology
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表 1 降低水稻对土壤中砷吸收的主要农艺学方法及其主要机理和局限性
Table 1. Main agronomic methods for reducing the absorption of arsenic in soil by rice and its main mechanism and limitations
主要农艺学方法 主要机理 局限性 间接性灌溉/
有氧水管理防止As(Ⅴ)还原为As(Ⅲ)，通过减少甲基化降低水稻对砷的吸收 水稻减产 施用磷肥 与As(Ⅴ)竞争吸收通道 成本高；带来新的砷和镉的输入；造成水体富营养化 施用硅肥 与As(Ⅲ)竞争吸收通道 成本高，需要控制施用比例和肥料类型 施用硫肥 参与砷的氧化还原，降低砷的有效性 产生硫代砷酸盐等二次污染物质；需考虑水稻品种 添加土壤改良剂
(铁、锰、生物炭)改变根系-土壤-添加剂之间对砷的吸附能力 改良剂中存在的重金属元素可能会对土壤造成新的污染；土壤酸化 
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