Relationship between Lotus Root Quality and Geochemical Conditions in the Xinken Lotus Root Producing Area of Guangzhou
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摘要:
名优特农产品品质与产区环地质背景条件密切相关。广州新垦莲藕是国家地理标志产品，探讨其产区地质背景与莲藕品质的关系对于新垦莲藕的规模化种植有重要意义。本文通过系统采集新垦莲藕产地藕塘底泥、地表水、新鲜莲藕样品，采用电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱法（ICP-MS/OES）等多种技术进行测试，开展品质评价研究，初步揭示了新垦莲藕品质与产区环境地球化学条件之间的相关性。研究结果表明：藕塘底泥中营养元素锰、锌、钼、钴、钒、铁均处在一等（丰富）等级，硒以适量和高硒等级为主，重金属铬、铜、汞、镍、铅、锌均低于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值；藕塘地表水中铜、锌、硒、硼、汞、镉、砷、六价铬、铅、镍等指标均满足灌溉水质要求；产出的新垦莲藕淀粉、可溶性糖、钾、磷、钙、镁、铁、锌、硒的含量较高，重金属和粗纤维含量较低；莲藕对底泥中不同元素生物富集系数平均值范围为0.0484~65.67，对磷的富集能力最强，对锗的富集能力最弱。藕塘底泥中硼与莲藕中淀粉显著正相关（p≤0.05），钙与蛋白质显著性正相关，砷与可溶性糖显著负相关。藕塘底泥中硼钴铁镁锰钒钙锗的含量较高，有利于莲藕营养组分的积累，产出高品质的莲藕。本文提出在种植过程中重视有机质、钙、氮和锗等养分的补充，关注镉和砷带来的潜在生态安全风险。
Abstract:BACKGROUND Environmental geochemical conditions affect the quality of famous and special agricultural products. Xinken lotus root is the national product of geographical indication. Exploring the relationship between the geological background of the production area and the quality of lotus root is of great significance to the large-scale planting of Xinken lotus root.
OBJECTIVES To reveal the correlation between the quality of lotus root and the environmental geochemical characteristics in the producing area.
METHODS Sediment, surface water and fresh lotus root in the Xinken area were systematically sampled and analyzed.
RESULTS The concentrations of nutrients, i.e., Mn, Zn, Mo, Co, V and Fe, in the sediment of the lotus root pond were high, in the first grade (rich) level. Selenium was mainly in proper amounts and high selenium grade. The concentrations of Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn were lower than those of the soil pollution risk threshold of agricultural land. Cu, Zn, Se, B, Hg, Cd, As, Cr(Ⅵ), Pb and Ni in surface water of the lotus pond met the requirement for irrigation water quality. The lotus root was rich in starch, soluble sugar, K, P, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Se, and the contents of heavy metals and crude fiber were low. The average bioaccumulation coefficients of lotus root for different elements ranged from 0.0484 to 65.67. The enrichment ability of P was the strongest and that of Ge was the weakest. There was a significant positive correlation between B and starch in lotus root pond sediment (p ≤ 0.05), between Ca and protein, while a significant negative correlation between As and soluble sugar. The contents of B, Co, Fe, Mg, Mn, V, Ca and Ge in the sediment of the lotus pond were high, which was beneficial to the accumulation of nutrients in lotus root, and thus production of safe and high-quality lotus roots.
CONCLUSIONS Importance should be attached to the supplement of organic matter, Ca, N and Ge in the lotus pond during the planting process and more attention to the potential ecological security risks caused by Cd and As.
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表 1 藕塘不同介质样品测试指标及对应测试方法
Table 1. Analysis parameters and methods for various media of the lotus root pond
样品类型 测试指标分类及测试指标 测试仪器 测试方法 藕塘底泥 ①养分指标：氮，磷，钾，有机质，钙，镁，铁，硫，硼，锰，铜，锌，钼，钴，钒，锗，硒。
②重金属：砷，镉，铬，汞，镍，铅。
③其他指标：氯，pH值元素分析仪(EA3000)；电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICPA6300)；电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(Thermo X2)；原子荧光分光光度计(AFS8220)；原子荧光分光光度计(XGY-1011A)；一米光栅光谱仪(WP-1)；X射线荧光光谱仪(Axios Max)；pH计(pHS-3c) 《区域地球化学样品分析方法》(DZ/T 0279—2016)；
《区域生态地球化学评价规范》(DZ/T 0289—2015)；
《生态地球化学评价样品分析技术要求》(DD2005-03)藕塘水 农田灌溉水质标准控制指标：pH值，化学需氧量，铅，镉，铬(六价)，汞，砷，铜，锌，镍，硒，硼，氯 pH计(pHS-3c)；电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(Thermo X2)；电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(iCAP 7000 Series)；原子荧光分光光度计(AFS8220)；原子荧光分光光度计(XGY-1011A)；离子色谱仪(ICS-900) 《食品安全国家标准饮用天然矿泉水检验方法》(GB 8538—2016)；
《地下水质量标准》(GB/T 14848—2017)莲藕 ①营养品质指标：淀粉，可溶性糖，粗纤维，干物质，蛋白质。
②矿物质营养元素：钙，磷，钾，镁，铁，锌，硒，铜，锗。
③重金属指标：铅，镉，镍，铬，砷，汞紫外可见分光光度计(Shimadzu UV-1700)，电热恒温鼓风干燥箱(WGL-230B)；定氮仪(Z20209-F078948)；电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(iCAP 7000 Series)；电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICAP RQ)；原子荧光分光光度计(AFS8220)；原子荧光分光光度计(XGY-1011A) 《生态地球化学评价动植物样品分析方法》(DZ/T 0253—2014)；
《食品安全国家标准样品测定方法》(GB 5009—2016)
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表 2 藕塘底泥各组分含量描述性统计(N=45)
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of component contents in sediment of the lotus root pond (N=45)
分析指标 含量极小值 含量极大值 变异系数(%) 含量平均均值 土壤风险筛选值，水田(6.5＜pH＜7.5) 珠三角表层土壤地球化学背景值[20] 西北江海陆交互相沉积物母质土壤背景值[21] 氮(mg/g) 0.7978 2.170 23.01 1.314 - 0.9950 1.219 磷(mg/g) 0.7040 1.405 18.97 0.9639 - 0.4130 0.7740 钾(mg/g) 15.10 21.00 6.530 18.60 - - 19.09 有机质(mg/g) 7.400 37.90 33.16 16.90 - 28.40 19.14 钙(mg/g) 3.960 11.62 25.97 7.851 - - 4.071 镁(mg/g) 7.700 10.30 6.830 9.000 - - 5.280 铁(mg/g) 43.50 63.20 6.730 55.80 - - 40.39 硫(mg/g) 0.3129 3.496 61.97 1.124 - 0.2330 0.3032 硼(mg/kg) 62.57 88.39 8.440 74.22 - 46.90 63.73 锰(mg/kg) 732.0 1121 10.36 953.6 - 213.0 593.80 铜(mg/kg) 40.15 96.08 14.53 62.56 100.0 12.90 46.22 锌(mg/kg) 108.7 163.9 9.920 128.4 250.0 50.00 122.40 钼(mg/kg) 0.950 1.700 13.41 1.360 - 1.110 1.17 钴(mg/kg) 17.97 24.52 7.080 21.29 - 3.800 14.93 钒(mg/kg) 121.9 193.5 8.440 165.1 - - - 锗(mg/kg) 1.220 2.830 21.16 1.640 - 1.510 - 硒(μg/kg) 260.0 570.0 16.80 380.0 - 510.0 490.0 砷(mg/kg) 14.75 27.97 11.45 23.05 25.00 9.000 16.53 镉(μg/kg) 390.0 940.0 22.90 610.0 600.0 69.00 383.94 铬(mg/kg) 80.17 123.8 7.460 102.5 300.0 40.00 75.53 汞(μg/kg) 86.00 514.0 54.65 162.9 600.0 84.00 139.06 镍(mg/kg) 33.14 54.12 8.970 46.28 100.0 9.500 30.40 铅(mg/kg) 34.40 86.37 18.52 45.61 140.0 37.00 43.65 氯(mg/kg) 42.20 1059 63.22 393.9 - 62.00 - pH 6.630 7.860 3.850 7.400 - 5.280 - 注：“-”表示无相关结果。
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表 3 莲藕样品各组分含量描述性统计(鲜重含量，N=15)
Table 3. Descriptive statistics of components in the lotus root samples (fresh weight, N=15)
组分 含量极小值 含量极大值 变异系数(%) 含量均值 雄安新区莲藕[28] 山东济南莲藕[29] 河南新郑莲藕[29] 湖北武汉莲藕[29] 湖北洪湖莲藕[29] 湖北汉川莲藕[29] 广西柳州莲藕[29] 浙江金华莲藕[29] 浙江余杭莲藕[29] 江苏淮安莲藕[30] 山东菏泽莲藕[30] 四川眉山莲藕[30] 湖北荆州莲藕[30] 云南红河莲藕[30] 湖南湘潭莲藕[30] 河南三门峡莲藕[30] 广西贵港莲藕[30] 安徽蚌埠莲藕[30] 陕西富平莲藕[30] 中国食物成分表－莲藕[31] 食品中污染物限量 干物质 12.60 24.50 18.51 17.63 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 淀粉 6.700 13.90 28.61 9.810 - - - - - - - - - 1.250 7.425 13.14 3.555 13.69 10.26 7.124 9.319 8.077 4.156 - 可溶性糖 2.190 4.140 17.52 3.200 - - - - - - - - - 1.170 7.135 4.788 6.016 2.941 4.278 3.175 3.944 6.108 2.874 - - 蛋白质 1.450 8.580 64.41 2.630 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.200 - 粗纤维 0.5000 3.300 83.22 0.8100 - - - - - - - - - 4.647 6.984 2.343 1.588 2.940 1.383 2.687 2.283 3.247 2.722 - - 钾 2259 4673 16.62 3765 - - - - - - - - - 2260 4050 3020 2700 4070 3650 3440 3540 3090 2960 2930 - 磷 384.8 738.1 14.20 585.1 - - - - - - - - - 223.0 552.0 494.0 303.0 557.0 539.0 613.0 415.0 454.0 573.0 450.0 - 钙 193.7 312.5 15.99 251.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 180.0 - 镁 148.3 271.6 18.58 211.9 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 140.0 - 铁 9.960 111.9 79.22 30.32 - - - - - - - - - 59.50 50.40 28.40 92.20 507.0 163.0 158.0 47.80 209.0 98.30 3.000 - 锌 1633 3235 16.66 2430 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2400 - 铜 549.8 1217 21.46 810.8 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 900.0 - 铬 37.76 530.1 81.90 167.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 500.0 铅 18.83 514.0 140.0 86.07 100.0 40.00 50.00 210.0 200.0 230.0 20.00 30.00 10.00 - - - - - - - - - - - 200.0 镍 37.57 153.6 41.61 81.51 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 砷 10.77 163.4 77.70 59.96 180.0 220.0 550.0 350.0 320.0 330.0 440.0 580.0 280.0 - - - - - - - - - - - 500.0 镉 2.200 17.00 44.24 9.660 20.00 50.00 50.00 20.00 20.00 10.00 30.00 30.00 10.00 - - - - - - - - - - 100.0 硒 4.280 10.26 26.01 6.210 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1.700 - 锗 0.5400 1.090 17.67 0.7500 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 汞 0.4300 0.7300 17.00 0.3600 - 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 - - - - - - - - - - - 10.00 注：“-”表示无相关结果。干物质、淀粉、可溶性糖、蛋白质、粗纤维含量单位为%；钾、磷、钙、镁、铁含量单位为mg/kg；其余指标含量单位为μg/kg。
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表 4 藕塘地表水样各组分含量描述性统计(N=15)
Table 4. Descriptive statistics of component contents in surface water samples of the lotus pond (N=15)
组分 含量极小值(mg/L) 含量极大值(mg/L) 变异系数(%) 含量均值(mg/L) 《农田灌溉水质标准》 (GB 5084—2021)限值 氯 33.50 298.0 67.60 125.7 350.0 磷 40.00 280.0 68.85 100.0 - 硼 10.40 125.0 43.89 67.71 1000 六价铬 10.00 60.00 58.79 30.00 100.0 砷 3.050 20.30 60.47 8.270 50.00 铜 0.6300 4.350 49.93 1.820 500.0 镍 0.7400 3.320 42.88 1.610 - 硒 0.4600 1.700 33.35 0.8500 20.00 注：灌溉水样品中部分样品铅、锌、镉、汞指标含量低于检出限，未参与统计。“-”表示无相关结果。
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表 5 底泥-莲藕部分组分生物富集系数(BCF)
Table 5. Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of some elements in the lotus root and sediment
组分 新垦莲藕BCF值 相关产地莲藕BCF值 极小值 极大值 平均值 山东济南莲藕[29] 河南新郑莲藕[29] 湖北武汉莲藕[29] 湖北洪湖莲藕[29] 湖北汉川莲藕[29] 广西柳州莲藕[29] 浙江金华莲藕[29] 浙江余杭莲藕[29] 磷 49.23 89.49 65.67 - - - - - - - - 钾 12.06 25.15 20.42 - - - - - - - - 钙 1.746 6.872 3.214 - - - - - - - - 镁 1.653 2.985 2.330 - - - - - - - - 锌 1.459 2.477 1.931 - - - - - - - - 硒 1.012 2.502 1.700 - - - - - - - - 镉 0.5215 3.189 1.584 20.55 46.67 14.03 8.700 9.260 5.030 23.78 8.210 铜 0.8567 1.942 1.350 - - - - - - - - 汞 0.1194 0.7337 0.4497 3.440 4.970 4.580 7.200 4.670 2.420 3.230 3.550 砷 0.0522 0.6296 0.2641 1.930 6.680 5.200 3.680 2.890 2.460 4.590 3.050 铅 0.0371 1.1626 0.1928 0.1200 0.2400 0.7700 1.070 1.820 0.030 0.070 0.020 镍 0.0877 0.3470 0.1833 - - - - - - - - 铬 0.0365 0.5347 0.1711 - - - - - - - - 铁 0.0193 0.2045 0.0556 - - - - - - - - 锗 0.0293 0.0652 0.0484 - - - - - - - - 注：“-”表示无相关结果。
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