Water Quality and Health Risk Assessment of an Ion-adsorption Type REE Mining Area of the Huangpi River Basin, Northern Ganzhou of China
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摘要:
水质安全和健康是保障中国赣南老区乡村振兴发展的重要因素。赣南离子型稀土矿长期开发利用，导致浸矿剂和矿体中重金属元素等危害人体健康的物质进入水循环系统，给周边乡村饮用水卫生安全带来了潜在风险。目前，针对当地复垦后稀土矿及周边地区水质和健康风险缺乏系统调查评价，本文以《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)为评价依据，选择赣南北部黄陂河流域典型离子型稀土矿及周边的水体开展调查研究，采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱/质谱等技术测定锰、镉等元素含量，采用水质指数(WQI)、危害商(HQ)、致癌风险(CR)评价了锰和铅等9种指标及其健康风险。结果表明：地表水中的异常指标有氨氮(平均值750μg/L)、锰(平均值207μg/L)，地下水中的异常指标有氨氮(平均值4533μg/L)、锰(平均值4009μg/L)；世界卫生组织(WHO)公布的Ⅰ类致癌物砷在地表水及地下水均未见异常。WQI显示研究区内85.7%的地表水适宜饮用。地表水及地下水中氨氮的HQ平均值< 1，对人类健康没有不良影响；地下水中锰的HQ平均值＞1，可能会对人类健康产生不良影响。地表水及地下水中致癌元素砷的CR值分布区间为10-6~10-4，致癌风险在可接受范围之内。建议相关部门在稀土矿复垦评估中，关注水体氨氮及重金属元素状况，加强所在流域水体锰元素的协同监测。
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关键词:
- 离子型稀土矿 /
- 电感耦合等离子体发射光谱/质谱法 /
- 水质指数 /
- 健康风险 /
- 赣南北部
Abstract:BACKGROUND Water quality security and human health are important to ensure rural revitalization of old liberated areas. The continuous development and utilization of ion-adsorption type REE deposits in northern Ganzhou aggravate trace elements from ores and tailings to the water cycle, thereby endangering the sanitation and safety of drinking water.
OBJECTIVES To investigate and evaluate health risk and water quality on the watershed scale of rare earth ore concentration area in the Huangpi River Basin.
METHODS The contents of manganese, cadmium and other elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry/mass spectrometry(ICP-OES/MS). By choosing "standards for drinking water quality" (GB 5749—2006) as the evaluation basis, the water quality index (WQI), hazard quotient (HQ), and cancer risk (CR)were adopted to evaluate water quality and human health risks through analyzing 9 indices including Pb and Mn.
RESULTS NH3-N and Mn were anomaly indices whether in surface water or groundwater. The average values of NH3-N were 750μg/L and 4533μg/L in surface water and groundwater, respectively. Index values of Mn were 207μg/L and 4009μg/L in surface water and groundwater, respectively. Arsenic, class I carcinogen published by the World Health Organization, had no abnormality in surface water and groundwater. Moreover, 85.7% of surface water and groundwater was found to be suitable for drinking upon analyzing the WQI values. The HQ average value of NH3-N was less than 1 in surface water and groundwater so it had no harmful effects on human health. However, the HQ average value of Mn was more than 1, which may be harmful to human health. CR values of As varying from 10-6 to 10-4 were also calculated, and the risk of cancer was acceptable.
CONCLUSIONS It is suggested that relevant departments should pay attention to the status of NH3-N and heavy metal elements in water during the reclamation evaluation of rare earth mines. The research detailed in this paper confirms that the groundwater monitoring system of manganese should be improved.
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表 1 黄陂河流域地表水、地下水化学统计参数和WQI参数
Table 1. Parameters of chemical statistics and WQI obtained from surface water and groundwater in Huangpi River Basin
指标 地表水 地下水 WQI参数 最小值
(μg/L)最大值
(μg/L)平均值
(μg/L)标准差
(μg/L)最小值
(μg/L)最大值
(μg/L)平均值
(μg/L)标准差
(μg/L)水质
标准a权重
(wi)相对权重
(Wi)pH 6.43 7.03 6.85 0.14 6.96 7.43 7.19 0.23 6.5~8.5a 4 0.095 NH3(以N计) 134 1517 750 386 727 8338 4533 3805 500a 5 0.119 SO42- 457 4222 1940 869 3257 4783 4020 762 250000b 5 0.119 NO3- 0.00 10890 2721 2401 50.00 4329 2189 2139 50000b 5 0.119 As 0.22 0.84 0.58 0.18 0.33 0.44 0.38 0.06 10a 5 0.119 Cd 0.02 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.25 0.14 0.11 5a 5 0.119 Cu 0.86 10.20 3.61 2.56 0.12 0.59 0.35 0.23 1000a 2 0.048 Mn 42.0 659 207 155 782 7236 4009 3227 100a 5 0.119 Ni 0.45 1.02 0.70 0.18 1.73 8.30 5.01 3.28 20a 1 0.024 Pb 1.06 24.12 8.13 5.50 1.77 2.50 2.14 0.36 10a 5 0.119 注：a为中国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)；b为世界卫生组织(WHO)标准(2011)。 
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表 2 地表水监测点枯水期和丰水期WQI值比较
Table 2. Comparison of WQI values of surface water monitoring points in dry season and wet season
黄陂河流域 监测站位WQI值 GNSW-19009 GNSW-19010 GNSW-19014 GMSW-19016) 丰水期 48.46 12.12 35.80 14.14 枯水期 67.83 25.77 47.38 27.01
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表 3 黄陂河流域地表水和地下水危害商和致癌风险
Table 3. HQ and CR values of surface water and groundwater in Huangpi River Basin
地表水中的元素 危害商(HQ) 致癌风险(CR) 成人 儿童 成人 儿童 NH3(以N计) 1.03×10-1 1.54×10-1 - - NO3- 4.66×10-2 6.96×10-2 - - As 4.66×10-2 6.96×10-2 2.39×10-5 3.56×10-5 Cd 2.85×10-3 4.26×10-3 - - Cu 3.57×10-5 5.33×10-5 - - Mn 2.37×10-1 3.54×10-1 - - Ni 9.54×10-4 1.42×10-3 - - Pb 1.59×10-1 2.38×10-1 - - 地下水中的元素 危害商(HQ) 致癌风险(CR) 成人 儿童 成人 儿童 NH3(以N计) 6.21×10-1 9.27×10-1 - - NO3- 3.75×10-2 5.60×10-2 - - As 3.49×10-2 5.21×10-2 1.57×10-5 2.34×10-5 Cd 7.84×10-3 1.17×10-2 - - Cu 2.42×10-4 3.61×10-4 - - Mn 4.58 6.84 - - Ni 6.87×10-3 1.03×10-2 - - Pb 4.18×10-2 6.25×10-2 - - 注：“-”表示无对应数值。
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