Characteristics of Heavy Metal Pollution and Health Risk Assessment of the Long-term Livestock Wastewater Irrigated Soils in Jiangxi Province
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摘要:
Cu、Pb、Zn、As等作为饲料添加剂的普遍使用，使集约化养殖场废水中重金属含量较高，养殖场废水作为有机肥还田后可能引起土壤重金属的累积。为了解养殖场废水灌溉地土壤重金属污染特征及其健康风险，本文选择了江西抚州市某养殖场(养猪)废水(含粪便)灌溉地为研究对象，采集了11块地块样品，采用微波消解、电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定了样品中Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd及Pb共6种重金属含量，运用污染负荷指数(PLI)、潜在生态风险指数(RI)和健康风险评价模型评价了土壤重金属污染程度、潜在生态风险和健康风险。结果表明: ①Cr、Cu、Zn及As平均含量分别为75.8、32.8、93.7及21.3mg/kg，明显高于其背景值；Cd平均含量为0.09mg/kg，接近于其背景值；Pb平均含量为15.2mg/kg，低于其背景值。②Cr出现轻度污染，Pb没有发生污染；大部分采样点出现As中度污染，Cu和Zn轻度污染；而绝大部分采样点没有发生Cd污染。6种重金属平均PLI为1.22，总体上属于轻度污染。③各重金属均呈低生态风险，平均RI为66.26，综合生态风险呈低生态风险。④研究区土壤重金属儿童和成人非致癌风险指数分别为0.06和0.12，致癌风险指数分别为1.65×10-5和3.67×10-5，均在可接受范围内。综上，研究区土壤重金属呈轻度污染，但大部分点位As存在中度污染需引起关注，后续还需加强对灌溉土壤重金属含量的监测。
Abstract:BACKGROUND Cu, Pb, Zn and As were widely used as feed additives in the study area. However, the absorption rate of heavy metals by livestock and poultry was low. The concentration of heavy metals in livestock wastewater was high. The livestock wastewater as organic fertilizer may lead to the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil.
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the pollution degree, the potential ecological risk and health risk of heavy metals from the long-term swine manure irrigated vegetable soils in Fuzhou City of Jiangxi Province, China.
METHODS Eleven topsoil samples were obtained from the long-term swine manure irrigated vegetable soils in Fuzhou City of Jiangxi Province, China. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The degree of pollution and the potential ecological risks of the heavy metals were assessed using the pollution load index (PLI) and the potential ecological risk index (RI), respectively. The health risk was evaluated by a health risk assessment model.
RESULTS The average concentrations of Cu, Zn, As and Cr are 75.8, 32.8, 93.7, and 21.3mg/kg, respectively, which were higher than the soil background values of Fuzhou City. The average concentration of Cd (0.09mg/kg) was very close to the background value, and the average concentration of Pb (15.2mg/kg) was lower than the soil background value. The pollution load index indicated that the moderate pollution of As occurred in the researched soils, and there was slight pollution of Cu and Zn, and no pollution of Cd in the majority of the sampling sites. There was no pollution of Pb and slight pollution of Cr in all sampling sites. The average PLI of the six heavy metals from all sampling sites was 1.22, which was categorized as slight pollution. Low potential ecological risk was posed by the six heavy metals. The mean RI was 66.26 which represented a low ecological risk. The annual child and adult non-carcinogenic risk index was 0.06 and 0.12, respectively. The annual child and adult carcinogenic risk index was 1.65×10-5 and 3.67×10-5, respectively. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of adults and children in the soil were acceptable.
CONCLUSIONS There was generally slight pollution of heavy metal in the study area but it was moderately polluted by As in most sampling points. However, due to the accumulative effect of heavy metals in the soil, close attention must be paid to changes in the concentration of heavy metals in the irrigated soil in the future, to prevent the risk caused by heavy metals pollution.
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表 1 各重金属健康风险评价参考剂量(RfD)和致癌斜率因子(SF)
Table 1. Reference dose (RfD) and carcinogenic slope factor (SF) for health risk assessment of heavy metals
重金属元素 参考剂量RfD[mg/(kg·d)] 致癌斜率因子SF(kg·d/mg) 经口摄入 呼吸吸入(成人) 呼吸吸入(儿童) 皮肤接触 经口摄入 呼吸吸入 皮肤接触 Cr 3.0×10-3 2.35×10-5 3.91×10-5 7.5×10-5 / / / Cu 4.0×10-2 / / 4.0×10-2 / / / Zn 3.0×10-1 / / 3.0×10-1 / / / As 3.0×10-4 3.52×10-6 5.86×10-6 3.0×10-4 1.5 4.3×10-3 1.5 Cd 1.0×10-3 2.35×10-6 3.91×10-6 2.5×10-5 6.1 6.3 6.1 Pb 3.5×10-3 8.21×10-5 1.37×10-4 5.3×10-4 / / / 注：“/”表示中国《污染场地风险评估技术导则》(HJ25.3—2014)和US EPA中均没有给出这些数据。 
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表 2 重金属健康风险评估的暴露参数
Table 2. Exposure parameters for health risk assessment of heavy metals
暴露参数 具体含义 单位 儿童参考值 成人参考值 ED 暴露期 a 6 24 BW 平均体重 kg 15.9 56.8 EF 暴露频率 d/a 350 350 AT 平均暴露时间 d 致癌26280 致癌26280 非致癌2190 非致癌2190 IngR 每日摄入土壤量 mg/d 200 100 InhR 每日空气呼吸量 mg/d 7.5 14.5 SA 暴露皮肤表面积 cm2 2848.01 5373.99 SL 皮肤黏附系数 mg/(cm2·d) 0.2 0.07 PEF 地表排放因子 m3/kg 1.36×109 1.36×109 ABS 皮肤吸收因子 - Cr: 0.001; Cu: 0.06; Zn: 0.02; Pb: 0.006; As: 0.03: Cd: 0.001
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表 3 土壤重金属非致癌平均日暴露量
Table 3. Non-carcinogenic average daily exposure doses for heavy metals in soil
人群 不同途径健康风险参数 重金属元素非致癌日均暴露量 ADD[mg/(kg·d)] Cr Cu Zn As Cd Pb 儿童 ADDing 3.71×10-5 1.65×10-5 4.71×10-5 1.07×10-5 4.50×10-8 7.62×10-6 1.19×10-4 ADDinh 3.96×10-9 1.76×10-9 5.02×10-9 1.14×10-9 4.80×10-12 8.12×10-10 1.27×10-8 ADDderm 2.11×10-7 5.64×10-6 5.36×10-6 1.83×10-6 1.54×10-8 2.60×10-7 1.33×10-5 ADDc 3.73×10-5 2.21×10-5 5.24×10-5 1.26×10-5 6.04×10-8 7.88×10-6 1.32×10-4 成人 ADDing 8.21×10-5 3.95×10-5 1.17×10-4 2.87×10-5 1.00×10-7 1.80×10-5 2.85×10-4 ADDinh 2.65×10-9 1.02×10-9 2.91×10-9 6.62×10-10 2.78×10-12 4.70×10-10 7.71×10-9 ADDderm 1.56×10-7 4.17×10-6 3.97×10-6 1.36×10-6 1.14×10-8 1.93×10-7 9.85×10-6 ADDa 8.23×10-5 4.37×10-5 1.21×10-4 3.00×10-5 1.12×10-7 1.82×10-5 2.95×10-4
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表 4 土壤重金属非致癌平均健康风险指数
Table 4. Non-carcinogenic mean health risk index of heavy metals in soil
重金属元素 人群 HQing HQinh HQderm HQi Cr 儿童 1.24×10-2 1.01×10-4 2.82×10-3 1.53×10-2 成人 2.77×10-2 1.13×10-4 2.08×10-3 2.99×10-2 Cu 儿童 4.13×10-4 / 1.41×10-4 5.54×10-4 成人 9.24×10-4 / 1.04×10-4 1.03×10-3 Zn 儿童 1.57×10-4 / 1.79×10-5 1.75×10-4 成人 3.51×10-4 / 1.32×10-5 3.65×10-4 As 儿童 3.57×10-2 1.95×10-4 6.11×10-3 4.20×10-2 成人 8.01×10-2 1.88×10-4 4.52×10-3 8.48×10-2 Cd 儿童 4.50×10-5 1.23×10-6 6.15×10-4 6.61×10-4 成人 1.01×10-4 1.18×10-6 4.55×10-4 5.57×10-4 Pb 儿童 2.18×10-3 5.93×10-6 4.91×10-4 2.67×10-3 成人 4.87×10-3 5.73×10-6 3.63×10-4 5.24×10-3 注：“/”表示无相关数据。
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