Distribution Characteristics, Ecological Risks, and Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Cultivated Land in Xingyang City
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摘要:
耕地质量关系着人民生活，而重金属是影响耕地质量的重要因素之一。根据全国土壤污染状况调查显示，中国耕地环境状况不容乐观，对耕地的重金属调查分析迫在眉睫。但仅简单地对重金属含量水平及来源类型进行判断已不足以为区域土壤重金属污染治理提供支持，而通过对各类污染源贡献率的定量计算，不仅可以明确农田土壤重金属分布特征，同时可判别污染源类别及来源，从而识别优先控制的污染元素，为重金属污染精准管控提供关键信息。本文采集河南荥阳市耕地表层土壤样品(0～20cm)，应用电感耦合等离子体质谱和发射光谱法(ICP-MS/OES)、原子荧光光谱法(AFS)及离子选择电极法(IES)对As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等8种重金属进行测试和pH分析；利用多元统计、绝对因子分析-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)受体模型探讨研究区8种重金属污染含量空间分布特征及来源，利用富集因子和地累积指数开展土壤污染评价。结果表明：①耕地土壤中重金属含量整体偏高。除Cr外，其他元素为郑州市土壤背景值的1.04～1.40倍，其中Cd的累积效应较明显。②研究区重金属高值区主要分布于荥阳市城区周边。③基于富集因子法、相关性分析、主成分分析及APCS-MLR源解析结果显示，研究区重金属主要有三个来源：自然源对Ni、As、Cu、Cr的贡献率分别为98%、94%、80%及63%；工业源对Cd的贡献率为78%；其他源则主要是农业化肥源、燃煤源的混合源，对Cr、Pb、Hg的贡献率分别为37%、35%及33%。④地累积指数表明，研究区各重金属以无污染为主，而Cd超标率最高，其中度、中-重度污染、重度污染样点数分别为19个、5个及3个，并存在1个极重度污染样点。综上，Cd在研究区耕地中富集较明显，为潜在的主要污染元素；工业源、自然源、农业化肥源及燃煤源是重金属的主要来源，表明人类活动已对研究区耕地产生影响，需采取措施避免该影响进一步加剧。
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关键词:
- 耕地土壤重金属 /
- 来源解析 /
- 绝对因子分析-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)受体模型 /
- 风险评价 /
- 荥阳
Abstract:The quality of arable land is closely related to people’s livelihoods, and heavy metals are one of the significant factors affecting arable land quality. The spatial distribution characteristics and sources of eight heavy metal pollutants in the cultivated land of Xingyang City were investigated by multivariate statistical analysis and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model, and soil pollution assessment was carried out by enrichment factor and land accumulation index. The results show that the heavy metal content in cultivated soil was higher as a whole, and the accumulation effect of Cd was more obvious. The heavy metals in the study area were mainly distributed around Xingyang City. Industrial, natural, and the mixed sources of agricultural fertilizer and coal-burning are the main sources of heavy metals. The accumulative index shows that the heavy metals in the study area are mainly unpolluted, and the Cd exceeding standard rate is the highest. Therefore, it indicates that human activities have affected the cultivated land in the study area, and measures should be taken to avoid further aggravation. The BRIEF REPORT is available for this paper at
http://www.ykcs.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.15898/j.ykcs.202306300084 . -
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表 1 分析方法质量监控
Table 1. Quality control of analysis method
元素 分析方法 检出限
(mg/kg)准确度
(△lgC)RSD
(%)报出率
(%)As AFS 0.2 0.008 2.84 100 Cd ICP-MS 0.03 0.010 4.64 100 Cr ICP-OES 2 0.011 2.58 100 Cu ICP-MS 0.3 0.006 5.39 100 Hg AFS 0.0005 0.003 5.53 100 Ni ICP-MS 0.3 0.005 5.19 100 Pb ICP-MS 0.3 0.014 3.75 100 Zn ICP-OES 1 0.004 4.17 100 Fe2O3 ICP-OES 0.05(%) 0.006 1.88 100 pH IES 0.1(无量纲) 0.009 4.91 100 
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表 2 研究区表层土壤重金属含量统计
Table 2. Heavy metal concentrations in surface soil of the study area
统计项目 pH As
(mg/kg)Cd
(mg/kg)Cr
(mg/kg)Cu
(mg/kg)Hg
(mg/kg)Ni
(mg/kg)Pb
(mg/kg)Zn
(mg/kg)算术平均值 8.22 10.61 0.21 61.21 20.74 0.047 26.15 23.70 65.70 几何平均值 8.22 10.52 0.20 60.94 20.54 0.041 26.00 23.32 64.29 中位数 8.21 10.40 0.20 60.80 20.20 0.041 25.60 23.10 62.90 众数 8.25 10.20 0.19 59.60 19.80 0.034 24.70 23.40 57.40 算术标准差 0.22 1.45 0.19 5.86 3.23 33.30 2.99 8.05 20.34 几何标准差 1.03 1.14 1.36 1.10 1.14 1.62 1.11 1.16 1.20 最大值 9.17 21.00 7.29 120.00 70.10 0.87 47.30 344.50 645.00 最小值 6.85 4.80 0.08 39.50 11.60 0.0089 14.80 16.40 37.70 变异系数 0.03 0.14 0.89 0.10 0.16 0.71 0.11 0.34 0.31 偏度 −0.0056 1.28 27.08 1.08 3.74 9.71 1.71 30.88 14.47 峰度 0.72 4.68 955.90 7.36 34.81 193.50 5.73 1202.63 345.98 郑州市背景值 8.11 9.42 0.15 68.82 19.20 0.045 24.71 22.17 56.73 风险筛选值 6.5～7.5 30 0.3 200 100 2.4 100 120 250 pH＞7.5 25 0.6 250 100 3.4 190 170 300
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表 3 研究区表层土壤重金属地累积指数
Table 3. Geo-accumulation index of heavy metals in soil of the study area.
重金属元素 地累积指数
（Igeo）范围污染程度的样点数(个) 无污染 轻度污染 中度污染 中-重度污染 重度污染 重-极重污染 极重污染 As −1.56～0.57 2059 54 0 0 0 0 0 Cd −1.45～5.02 1556 529 19 5 3 0 1 Cr −1.39～0.21 2112 1 0 0 0 0 0 Cu −1.31～1.28 2057 55 1 0 0 0 0 Hg −2.92～3.69 1841 248 20 3 1 0 0 Ni −1.32～0.35 2090 23 0 0 0 0 0 Pb −1.02～3.37 2079 32 1 0 1 0 0 Zn −1.17～2.92 2000 105 7 1 0 0 0
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表 4 研究区表层土壤重金属主成分分析矩阵
Table 4. Principal component analysis matrix of heavy metals in surface soil of the study area.
重金属元素
及指标变量在各主成分上的因子载荷 第一主成分 第二主成分 第三主成分 As 0.565 0.496 −0.383 Cd 0.775 −0.563 −0.157 Cr 0.451 0.479 0.325 Cu 0.701 0.431 0.194 Hg 0.553 −0.148 0.696 Ni 0.565 0.653 −0.228 Pb 0.790 −0.455 −0.237 Zn 0.832 −0.349 −0.017 初始特征值 3.556 1.755 0.907 方差贡献率(%) 44.45 21.93 11.34 累计方差贡献率(%) 44.45 66.38 77.72
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表 5 绝对因子分析-多元线性回归(APCS-MLR)受体模型
Table 5. Absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) receptor model
重金属元素 受体模型 R2 As C(As)=−0.498+0.219APCSF1+1.058APCSF2 0.553 Cd C(Cd)=0.016+0.181APCSF1+0.003APCSF2 0.917 Cr C(Cr)=22.498+0.404APCSF1+3.719APCSF2 0.406 Cu C(Cu)=−5.596+0.967APCSF1+2.47APCSF2 0.673 Hg C(Hg)=−43.78+17.641APCSF1+7.262APCSF2 0.327 Ni C(Ni)=−0.452+0.159APCSF1+2.566APCSF2 0.739 Pb C(Pb)=8.283+7.291APCSF1+0.856APCSF2 0.831 Zn C(Zn)=4.034+17.793APCSF1+4.422APCSF2 0.813
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