Research Progress on the Ecological Risk Status and Analytical Techniques of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances
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摘要:
全氟与多氟烷基物质(PFASs)广泛存在于土壤、水体和大气中，其持久性、迁移性和生物累积性导致其治理难度较大，其中地下水污染问题尤为严重，对生态环境安全和人类健康构成威胁。本文从PFASs的污染来源、迁移转化途径、污染现状及分析检测技术等方面，对环境介质中PFASs的研究现状进行总结。全氟辛酸(PFOA)和全氟磺酸(PFOS)是当前全球重点管控的PFASs物质。美国饮用水标准将PFOA和PFOS的限值均设定为4ng/L，而中国《生活饮用水卫生标准》对两者的限值分别为80ng/L和40ng/L。目前PFASs在地下水中的浓度范围从ng/L到μg/L不等，其中短链PFASs因较高的水溶性和迁移性，检出频率显著更高。在检测技术方面，气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)和液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)等高灵敏度、高分辨率的质谱分析方法仍是PFASs检测的主流手段。然而，上述方法依赖复杂的样品前处理和实验室条件，难以满足实时监测和应急响应的需求。随着监管力度的不断增强，现有技术面临着超低浓度检测灵敏度不足、复杂基质干扰以及缺乏统一分析标准等挑战。未来研究应重点关注新型PFASs的识别与毒性评估，以及检测技术的优化与创新；同时，结合人工智能技术优化数据处理和非靶向筛查的方法，提高检测效率和准确性。
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关键词:
- 全氟与多氟烷基化合物 /
- 生态风险；污染水平 /
- 地下水 /
- 分析检测技术
Abstract:This paper is a review of the current state of pollution and analytical techniques for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in various environmental media. PFASs are widely present in soil, water, and the atmosphere, with groundwater pollution being particularly severe. The persistence, mobility, and bioaccumulation of PFASs pose significant challenges for remediation efforts, threatening ecological safety and human health. The complexity of groundwater environments and the diversity of PFASs present challenges for monitoring and remediation. In terms of PFASs detection technologies, significant progress has been made in recent years; the application of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) has greatly enhanced the sensitivity, accuracy, and resolution of detections, especially with non-targeted screening techniques that can identify new and unknown PFASs. However, current technologies still have limitations, such as the need for improved sensitivity in detecting ultra-low concentrations of PFASs, and the lack of standardized analytical methods restricts the reliability and comparability of data. Future research is recommended to focus on enhancing the sensitivity of PFAS detection technologies, establishing unified analytical standards, and incorporating tools such as artificial intelligence to assist in analysis, in order to effectively address the environmental and health challenges posed by PFAS pollution. The BRIEF REPORT is available for this paper at
http://www.ykcs.ac.cn/en/article/doi/10.15898/j.ykcs.202412080252 . -
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表 1 部分国家和地区地下水环境中典型PFASs浓度及其种类
Table 1. Concentrations and types of PFASs in groundwater environments of some countries and regions
地下水样品来源 地下水环境类型 典型PFASs化合物及其浓度(ng/L) ΣPFASs
(ng/L)参考文献 PFBA PFPeA PFOA PFBS PFOS 中国广州 垃圾填埋场地下水 n.d～119 n.d～16.4 n.d～27.4 n.d～544 n.d～9.42 3.61～784 ［48］ 中国北京 再生水灌区地下水 2.94 0.94 2.88 1.15 ＜0.1 1.07～24.19 ［39］ 中国青岛 饮用水源地下水 5.26 0.35 3.32 4.44 4.84 19.5 ［49］ 美国北卡罗来纳州 氟化工厂附近地下水 7.3～35.9 6.2～23.5 5.3～7.5 5.1～15.1 10.7～143.4 20.3～4773 ［41］ 美国东部地区 饮用水源地下水 n.d～42 n.d～20 n.d～1500 n.d～24 n.d～98 n.d～1645.4 ［50］ 瑞典 消防场地地下水 n.d n.d ＜5～390 ＜1～390 5.3～16000 16～22000 ［51］ 韩国 城市地下水 n.d 0.84～6.16 3.06～6.72 1.04～3.18 n.d n.d～36.9 ［52］ 法国 城市地下水 n.d～63 n.d～213 0.06～14 0.04～38 0.07～80 0.56～638 ［53］ 捷克共和国 城市地下水 0.277～7.03 0.021～7.77 0.021～4.16 0.021～1.06 0.021～8.09 n.d～23.9 ［54］ 巴西南里奥格兰德州 饮用水源地下水 n.d～56.1 n.d～165 n.d～249 n.d～5.1 n.d～15.8 718 ［55］ 注：“n.d”表示该数据未检出。一些国家的地下水样品在文献中未提供具体地区信息。 
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表 2 不同环境介质中PFASs分析样品预处理方法
Table 2. Sample pre-treatment methods for PFAS analysis in different environmental media
样品类型 PFASs来源 样品预处理方法 分析仪器 参考文献 气体 城市气体颗粒物 超声辅助溶剂萃取＋SPE HPLC-QqQ；
HPLC-QTOF-MS［68］ 污水处理厂 (主动采样：进水口和曝气池；
被动采样：进水口、曝气池、二沉池、高效沉淀池、
深床滤池、臭氧接触池和出水口)气相：索氏萃取
颗粒相：甲醇超声萃取GC-QTOF-MS ［69］ 液体 地下水 SPE HPLC-MS/MS ［49］ 海水 SPE TSQ LC/MS ［70］ 污水 玻璃纤维过滤＋串联SPE UPLC-Orbitrap MS ［69］ 固体 土壤 冻干＋超声辅助溶剂萃取＋SPE UPLC-MS ［58］ 污泥 冻干＋超声辅助溶剂萃取＋SPE UPLC-HRMS ［71］
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