DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS IN SANYA BAY AND SURROUNDING WATERS
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摘要:
基于三亚湾及周边海域73个表层沉积物样品重金属元素Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As、Cd和Hg的化学测试分析，运用多种技术方法，查明重金属分布特征，探讨重金属来源及影响因素，并对其开展生态风险评价。结果表明：研究区Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、As、Cd、Hg的平均含量分别为12.77、60.11、21.11、43.84、7.05、0.067、0.022 μg/g。As含量高值区为西瑁洲北侧海域，其他重金属分布大体上为沿岸低，向海的方向逐渐增高。Cr和Hg相对背景值亏损，其他重金属相对背景值少量富集；Zn、Pb、Cr分布符合“粒度控制效应”规律，物质来源为陆源碎屑的风化剥蚀。Cu除了来自陆源剥蚀外还可能受到人类活动的影响。Cd和Hg主要来自于沿岸生活污水的排放。As主要来自生活污水排放、农业施药、网箱水产养殖等；重金属总体属于低程度污染，总体平均潜在生态风险程度处于低等级水平，反映研究区总体较好的底质生态环境，且沿岸优于离岸海域。单项重金属平均污染程度排序为Cd>Pb>Zn>As=Cu>Cr>Hg，Cd和Pb属于中等程度污染，其他重金属属于低程度污染。单项重金属平均潜在生态风险程度均为低等级，排序为Cd>Hg>As>Pb>Cu>Cr>Zn；Cd为研究区污染程度和潜在生态风险程度最大的重金属元素，需加强对其的防控与治理。
Abstract:Based on the chemical analysis of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As, Cd and Hg in 73 surface sediment samples in Sanya Bay and surrounding waters, the distribution characteristics of heavy metals were identified, the sources and influencing factors of heavy metals were discussed, and the ecological risk assessment was carried out by various means. The results show that the average contents of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As, Cd and Hg in the study area were 12.77, 60.11, 21.11, 43.84, 7.05, 0.067 and 0.022 μg/g, respectively. The area with high content of As was the north of Xi Mao Zhou, while the content distribution of other heavy metals was generally low along the coast and gradually increased toward the sea. The contents of Cr and Hg were lossed compared with the background values, while the other heavy metals were slightly enriched. The content distribution of Zn, Pb and Cr conformed to the law of “grain size control effect”, and the material source was weathering and denudation of terrigenous detritus. Cu may be influenced by human activities in addition to terrestrial erosion. Cd and Hg were mainly from coastal sewage discharge. As was mainly from sewage discharge, agricultural application, cage aquaculture, etc. The total heavy metal pollution is in the low level standard, and the potential ecological risk of total heavy metals was also low, which reflected the overall fine sediment ecological environment of the study area, and the coastal area is better than the offshore sea area. The average pollution degree of single heavy metal was ranked as Cd>Pb>Zn>As=Cu>Cr>Hg, Cd and Pb were in the medium pollution level standard, while other heavy metals were in the low pollution level standard. The average degree of potential ecological risk of single heavy metals was in the low standard, ranking as Cd>Hg>As>Pb>Cu>Cr>Zn. Cd is the heavy metal element with the highest degree of pollution and potential ecological risk in the study area, so its prevention and control should be strengthened.
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Key words:
- heavy metal /
- sediments /
- distribution characteristics /
- material source /
- ecological risk assessment /
- Sanya Bay
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表 1 沉积物重金属污染程度及潜在生态风险等级划分[20]
Table 1. The grading of heavy metal pollution and potential ecological risk in marine sediments
Cfi 单个重金属污染程度 Cd 重金属总体污染程度 Eri 单个重金属潜在生态危害程度 ERI 重金属总体潜在生态危害程度 <1 低 <7 低 <40 低 <150 低 1～3 中等 7～14 中等 40～80 中等 150～300 中等 3～6 重 14～28 重 80～160 较重 300～600 重 ≥6 严重 ≥28 严重 160～320 重 ≥600 严重 − − − − ≥320 严重 − − 
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表 2 沉积物重金属含量统计
Table 2. Statistics of heavy metal content in sediments
/(μg/g) 统计指标 Cu Zn Pb Cr As Cd Hg 文献来源 最大值 28.30 83.80 29.70 72.70 14.70 0.18 0.038 本文 最小值 5.52 23.20 14.50 5.50 3.58 0.02 0.006 平均值 12.77 60.11 21.11 43.84 7.05 0.067 0.022 标准差 3.62 16.11 3.06 16.94 2.19 0.03 0.01 变异系数 0.28 0.27 0.14 0.39 0.31 0.40 0.31 珠江口沉积物 46.70 110.20 40.90 82.30 26.36 0.37 0.19 文献[22] 中国浅海沉积物 15.00 65.00 20.00 60.00 7.70 0.065 0.025 文献[21] 南海近海沉积物 13.00 61.00 19.00 53.00 7.20 0.053 0.027 文献[21]
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表 3 沉积物重金属富集因子（EF）特征
Table 3. Characteristics of heavy metals enrichment factor in sediments
统计指标 Cu Zn Pb Cr As Cd Hg 最大值 9.75 2.29 3.61 1.92 5.13 7.70 3.45 最小值 0.86 0.87 0.91 0.25 0.66 0.77 0.46 平均值 1.22 1.13 1.36 0.90 1.28 1.47 0.96 标准差 1.03 0.23 0.51 0.21 0.98 0.84 0.41 变异系数 0.85 0.21 0.37 0.24 0.77 0.57 0.42 EF>1.5站位数 4 4 16 1 9 20 4
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表 4 沉积物重金属、Al2O3及中值粒径Pearson相关系数
Table 4. Pearson correlation coefficient of heavy metals，Al2O3 and Mz in sediments
Al2O3 Zn Pb Cr Cu As Cd Hg Mz Al2O3 1 Zn 0.936** 1 Pb 0.804** 0.788** 1 Cr 0.910** 0.901** 0.773** 1 Cu 0.544** 0.590** 0.508** 0.574** 1 As −0.014 −0.123 −0.158 −0.088 −0.014 1 Cd 0.603** 0.648** 0.426** 0.601** 0.336* 0.073 1 Hg 0.569** 0.680** 0.477** 0.567** 0.372** −0.192 0.583** 1 Mz 0.821** 0.815** 0.794** 0.768** 0.480** −0.246 0.525** 0.475** 1 注：**表示在0.01水平（双侧）上显著相关；*表示在0.05水平（双侧）上显著相关
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表 5 沉积物重金属及Al2O3因子分析结果
Table 5. Factor analysis of heavy metals and Al2O3 in sediments
元素 因子荷载 因子1 因子2 因子3 Cd 0.267 0.860 0.211 Hg 0.381 0.792 −0.120 As 0.036 0.048 0.988 Cu 0.855 0.084 0.098 Zn 0.785 0.561 −0.012 Pb 0.755 0.405 −0.065 Cr 0.804 0.486 0.007 Al2O3 0.796 0.525 0.075 特征值 3.416 2.366 1.055 方差贡献率/% 42.70 29.58 13.18 累积方差贡献率/% 42.70 72.28 85.46
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表 6 沉积物重金属单项污染系数（Cf）和潜在生态风险系数（Er）
Table 6. Single contamination factor （Cf） and potential ecological risk coefficient （Er） of heavy metals in sediments
重金属 Cf Er 最大值 最小值 平均值 最大值 最小值 平均值 Cu 2.18 0.42 0.98 10.88 2.12 4.91 Zn 1.37 0.38 0.99 1.37 0.38 0.99 Pb 1.56 0.76 1.11 7.82 3.82 5.56 Cr 1.37 0.10 0.83 2.74 0.21 1.65 As 2.04 0.50 0.98 20.42 4.97 9.79 Cd 3.40 0.38 1.27 101.89 11.32 37.96 Hg 1.41 0.22 0.81 56.44 8.89 32.52
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表 7 沉积物重金属总体污染程度系数（Cd）和潜在生态风险指数（ERI）
Table 7. Total contamination factors （Cd） and potential ecological risk index （ERI） of heavy metals in sediments
参数 最大值 最小值 平均值 Cd 9.83 3.73 6.96 ERI 182.48 46.39 93.38
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