A review of the advances in water source composition and observation methods of evapotranspiration
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摘要:
地表蒸散发是地下水-地表水-土壤-植物-大气连续体（GSSPAC）中水分和能量传输的纽带，也是研究陆面水量平衡的关键环节。受气象条件、地质地貌、水文地质条件和人类活动的影响，蒸散发过程机理复杂、时空变异性大，是目前水循环研究的热点之一。在大量文献调研的基础上，本文综合分析了国内外学者围绕蒸散发水源组成和测定方法方面取得的研究成果，得到以下认识：（1）蒸散发的水分来源及其组成逐渐明确，地表水（河流、湖泊等）、土壤水、地下水和植被截留的水分是蒸散发主要的水分来源；（2）蒸散发测定方法可分为水文学方法、植物生理学方法、微气象学方法和同位素方法等，这些方法在研究蒸散发过程和驱动机制等方面具有优势；（3）不同蒸散发测定方法适用的时空尺度不同，可以综合多种测定方法获取更为可靠的蒸散发数据。根据蒸散发测定研究的现状，下一步应该加强GSSPAC系统中水分运移耦合机制的研究，并加强多学科交叉研究，进一步厘清水分、能量和物质循环和流动的相互作用机制。另外，通过不同气候和地貌单元上监测网络的建设，可以获取多重影响因素交互下的蒸散发变化规律与基础数据，以期为大尺度、精细化蒸散发研究提供支撑。
Abstract:Evapotranspiration is the link of water and energy transfer in the continuum of groundwater, surface water, soil, plants and the atmosphere (GSSPAC). Evapotranspiration is also a key in the study of land surface water balance. Affected by meteorological conditions, geological landforms, hydrogeological conditions and human activities, the mechanism of evapotranspiration process is complex, and its temporal and spatial variability is quite large. Based on many published journal papers, this paper comprehensively analyzes water resources and observation methods for evapotranspiration proposed by scholars at home and abroad. The results show that (1) surface water (rivers, lakes, etc.), soil water, groundwater and vegetation intercepted water are the major water sources of evapotranspiration. (2) The methods for measuring evapotranspiration can be divided into hydrology method, plant physiology method, micro-meteorological method and isotope method. These methods have advantages in studying the process and driving mechanism of evapotranspiration. (3) Different evapotranspiration measurement methods are suitable for different spatiotemporal scales, and more reliable evapotranspiration data can be obtained by integrating various measurement methods. According to the current situation of evapotranspiration researches, the next step is to strengthen the coupling mechanism researches of water transport in the GSSPAC system, and strengthen interdisciplinary researches to further clarify the interaction mechanism of water, energy and material cycle and flow. In addition, through the construction of monitoring network on different climate and geomorphic units, we can gain basic data of evapotranspiration variation under the interaction of multiple influencing factors, which can support large-scale and refined evapotranspiration researches.
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Key words:
- evapotranspiration /
- water cycle /
- water source /
- observation methods
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