Key problems on hydro-engineering-environmental geology along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway corridor: Current status and development direction
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摘要:
川藏铁路是我国正在建设的世纪工程，复杂的地质演化史导致铁路廊道地质环境差异大，水文地质、工程地质和环境地质问题复杂多变，在工程施工及今后运营中值得高度关注。在简要回顾川藏铁路廊道以往地质工作的基础上，阐述了铁路建设面临的水工环地质问题，包括高原构造岩溶高压突涌水、断裂带基岩裂隙高压突水突泥、高温热水热害等水文地质问题，活动断裂断错与强震灾害、高地应力与深埋隧道岩爆和大变形、特殊岩土体的不良工程特性与灾害效应、高位远程滑坡灾害链等工程地质问题，含煤地层和热液矿床酸性水腐蚀性、湿地生态退化演替、铁路建设与敏感生态环境的互馈效应等环境地质问题。提出了今后值得深入研究的关键科学技术问题：水文地质方面包括高原岩溶发育层序规律与构造岩溶蓄水构造类型、深埋隧道突水突泥的孕灾致灾模式与预测方法、活动断裂控热机制与地下热水循环模式、高温热害风险识别及地热资源化技术等问题；工程地质与地质灾害方面包括活动断裂的精细特征与工程断错效应、复杂地质构造区深部构造应力场特征、构造混杂岩带工程地质特性与灾害效应、水-力-热多场耦合作用下深埋隧道围岩稳定性与灾害效应、内外动力耦合作用下的高位远程滑坡机理及风险防控技术等问题；环境地质方面包括高原多源水转化循环机制与生态脆弱区生态需水量控制技术、隧道建设的水文生态环境效应、生态地质环境监测评价与保护关键技术、全球气候变暖的地质生态环境效应等问题。从公益性地质调查和商业性工程勘察相结合的角度，提出了地质调查是基础、科技攻关是关键、灾害隐患监测与工程治理协调推进的应对策略，为国家重大工程规划区的水工环地质工作发展方向提供了参考建议。
Abstract:The Sichuan-Tibet Railway is a century project under construction. The complex geological evolution history has led to large differences in geo-environmental conditions along the railway. Hydrogeological, engineering geological, and environmental geological problems are complex and changeable, which deserves great attention in engineering construction and future operations. Based on a brief review of the past geological work on the Sichuan-Tibet Railway corridor, the hydro-engineering-environmental geological problems that may be faced during the railway construction have been described. The hydrogeological problems include 1) high-pressure water inrush from plateau tectonic karst, 2) high-pressure water inrush and mud outburst from faulted bedrock fissures, 3) high-temperature hot water thermal damage. The engineering geological problems include 1) active faults and strong earthquake disasters, 2) high in-situ stress and rock burst or large deformation in deep tunnel, 3) problem rocks or soils and their disaster effects, 4) high-position landslide disaster chain. The environmental geological problems include 1) acidic water corrosiveness from coal-bearing strata and hydrothermal deposits, 2) wetland ecological degradation, 3) interaction effects between the railway construction and the sensitive ecological environment. In the meanwhile, key scientific and technological issues, which should be deeply studied in the future, are put forward. In terms of hydrogeology, such as 1) sequence law of plateau karst development and types of tectonic karst water storage structures, 2) disaster-generating models and prediction methods of water and mud bursts in deep-buried tunnels, 3) active fault control mechanisms and geothermal water circulation models, 4) identification of high-temperature heat hazard risk and geothermal resources utilization technology. In terms of engineering geology and geohazard, such as 1) investigation of fine features of active faults and related engineering fault effects, 2) development features of deep tectonic stress fields in complex geological structures, 3) engineering geological properties of tectonic mélange belts and related disaster effects, 4) surrounding rock stability and disaster effects of deep-buried tunnel under water-mechanical-thermal multi-field coupling condition, 5) mechanisms of high-position run-out landslide and risk control technology under internal and external dynamic coupling. In terms of environmental geology, such as 1) mechanisms of plateau multi-source water conversion cycle and the technology of ecological water demand control in the ecologically fragile area, 2) hydro-ecological environmental effect of tunnel construction, 3) key technology of ecological geological environment monitoring, evaluation and protection, 4) geo-ecological environmental effect of global climate warming, etc. From the view of combining non-profit geological surveys and commercial engineering surveys, a response strategy has been proposed that geological surveys are the foundation, scientific and technological research is the key, and the monitoring of potential hazards and engineering control should be promoted, which provides suggestions on developing direction for hydro-engineering-environmental geology work on major project planning areas.
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Key words:
- Sichuan-Tibet Railway /
- hydrogeology /
- engineering geology /
- environmental geology /
- geohazard
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表 1 八宿-然乌一带盐类沉淀物矿物成分及工程评价
Table 1. Mineral composition and engineering evaluation of salt deposits in Basu-Ranwu region
沉积物特征 XRD法矿物成分鉴定 1∶10水提取液 工程评价 盐类矿物 非盐类矿物 颜色 pH值 
易溶盐 溶解性 腐蚀性 盐胀性 煤系地层白色松软絮状物 泻盐、石膏 石英、伊利石、高岭石 无色 8.32 13.91 23.96 强 强 强 黄绿色皮壳状、瘤状沉淀物 镁叶绿矾、叶绿矾 石英 玫瑰红 2.06 35.78 69.98 强 强 − 硫化矿氧化带灰白色絮状物 泻盐、石膏 石英、伊利石、高岭石 无色 4.25 22.74 35.97 强 强 强 灰绿色半硬质瘤状物 镁叶绿矾、石膏、叶绿矾 石英 玫瑰红 2.20 29.56 59.83 强 强 强 注：（1） 
含量采用BaSO4重量法测定；（2）
和易溶盐的单位为g/100 g；（3）工程评价中溶解性大小依据1∶10水提液含盐量（g/100 g），腐蚀性评价依据国家标准（GB 50021—2001）土中
含量和pH值大小，盐胀性主要根据盐类矿物结晶水数量判别。
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