Major engineering hydrogeological problems along the Ya’an-Linzhi section of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway
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摘要:
川藏铁路位于大陆碰撞造山带，特殊的地质构造背景下，铁路沿线水文地质条件极为复杂，严重制约着川藏铁路规划建设和安全运营。为降低川藏铁路沿线重大工程水文地质灾害风险，从工程水文地质角度出发，结合基础地质和工程地质研究成果，阐述了川藏铁路雅安至林芝段重大工程水文地质问题，并提出下一步研究建议。研究结果表明：川藏铁路雅安至林芝段可能遭遇隧道高水压及涌突水问题、隧道高温热害问题、隧道排水影响生态环境3个重大工程水文地质问题；沿线发育多条区域性断裂带，控制着地层展布、水热活动和成矿带分布以及地下水循环演化，导致穿越断裂带的深埋长大隧道高压涌突水、高温热害及高矿化水等问题较为突出。沿线重大工程水文地质问题下一步研究工作主要为：开展高精度、多尺度的水文地质调查，把握重大问题的发育规律和致灾机制，构建精细的预测评价体系和主、被动相结合的灾害防控体系。
Abstract:The Sichuan-Tibet Railway is located in the continental collision orogenic belt. Under the special geological structure background, the hydrogeological conditions along the railway are extremely complicated, which seriously restricts the planning and construction and safe operation of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway. To reduce the risk of major engineering hydrogeological disaster, and from the perspective of engineering hydrogeology, by combining the research results of basic geology and engineering geology, this paper expounds the major engineering hydrogeological problems along the Ya’an-Lingchi Section and puts forward suggestions for further research. The results show that the Ya’an-Lingchi section of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway may encounter three major engineering hydrogeological problems, namely, high water pressure and water inrush, high-temperature heat-damage of the tunnel, and the impact of tunnel drainage on ecological environment. Several regional fault zones developed along the railway may control the distribution of strata, hydrothermal activities and mineral resources and the circulation and evolution of groundwater, leading to prominent problems such as high-pressure water inrush, high-temperature heat-damage and groundwater drainage with high TDS in deep and long tunnels through the fault zone. The next step of the research on major engineering hydrogeological problems along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway is mainly to carry out high-precision and multi-scale hydrogeological survey, grasp the development rules and disaster-causing mechanisms of the major problems, and build a fine prediction and evaluation system and an active and passive disaster prevention and control system.
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表 1 川藏铁路雅安—林芝段深埋长大隧道高水压形成条件及风险等级划分
Table 1. Formation conditions of high-water pressure in deep and long tunnels of the Ya’an-Linzhi section of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway and classification of risk grade
储水构造类型 二级控制因素 高水压形成条件 高压涌突水风险等级 涉及隧道 断裂带 可溶岩地层 隧道深埋，岩溶发育，地下水补给条件良好，富水
性强，断裂带附近经后期岩溶化改造更易形成贯通
的集中性涌水通道，造成大规模高压涌水高 格聂山隧道、芒康山隧道 花岗岩地层 隧道深埋，花岗岩长大裂隙发育，为良好的储水
空间和导水通道，与断裂带沟通使得地下水径流
更畅通，形成稳定的高压涌水中等 康定隧道、德达隧道 单斜地层储水构造 中—缓倾角地层
含水层与隔水层互层隧道深埋，含水层补给范围大，富水性相对较强，
在上覆下伏隔水层作用下，含水层具有承压性，
裂隙发育部位易形成高压涌水中等 高尔寺隧道、理塘隧道 向斜储水构造 − 隧道深埋，集汇水条件良好，水量较为丰富，
向斜转折端易形成高压涌水中等 格聂山隧道、芒康山隧道 
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表 2 川藏铁路雅安至林芝段岩溶隧道涌突水灾害特征
Table 2. Characteristics of karst tunnel water inrush disasters along the Ya’an-Linzhi section of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway
岩溶区段 隧道 可溶岩地层 地形地貌特征 可溶岩段长度/占比 涌突水特征 雅安—康定段 垭口上隧道 P1q、P1l、D2 深切峡谷 971 m/16.3% 局部集中涌突水 二郎山隧道 D2、O 深切峡谷 2742 m/18.6% 局部集中涌突水 郭达山隧道 Z2s、St、C-Px 深切峡谷 1 900 m/16.5% 局部高压涌突水 理塘—巴塘段 德达隧道 T3q 浅切宽谷（进口段） 2735 m/10.8% 断层附近集中涌突水 深切峡谷（出口段） 断层附近高压涌突水 莫西隧道 P3g 深切峡谷 3440 m/19.3% 断层附近高压涌突水 格聂隧道 D1g、S2−3s、
∈3e、O2−3w深切峡谷 5595 m/32.7% 断层附近大规模高压涌突水 贡觉—昌都段 孜拉山隧道 T3b、P1m、C2a 深切峡谷 6761 m/16.8% 局部高压涌突水 贡觉隧道 T3b 浅切宽谷 920 m/3.5% 局部集中涌突水 东达山隧道 T3b、C2a 浅切宽谷 8991 m/57.5% 断层附近和隧道出口段集中涌突水 芒康山隧道 T3b 深切峡谷 2636 m/8.6% 断层附近高压涌突水 昌都—洛隆段 康玉隧道 Pz2x 深切峡谷 5561.5 m/28.5% 断层附近高压涌突水 洛隆—波密段 多吉隧道 P2l 深切峡谷 18072 m/74.6% 断层附近高压涌突水 多木格隧道 P2l 深切峡谷 1288 m/8.7% 隧道出口段集中涌突水
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表 3 川藏铁路雅安—林芝段隧道穿越不同热水系统部位的高温热害特征
Table 3. Characteristics of high-temperature heat-damage of tunnel at different parts of hot spring systems along the Ya’an-Linzhi section of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway
隧道布设与热水系统空间位置关系 热害特征 涉及隧道 洞身处钻孔热害情况 隧道未穿越热水系统 热水对隧道无直接影响，但偏高的热流背景可能导致深
埋隧道因正常增温产生中低岩温和中低温热涌突水问题格聂山隧道、
茶洛隧道无热害问题 隧道穿越两个热水系统之间 隧道埋深有限且远离控热控水构造，无深部水热活动
影响，地温梯度低，基本无岩温异常或热涌突水问题康玉隧道 无热害问题 隧道穿越热水系统补给区 大气降水或融雪水下渗导致浅层岩体维持低温，深部
水热活动影响弱，但因补给区隧道埋深大，若隧道位于
上部冷水影响区之下，可能存在中低岩温和中低温热涌
突水问题德达隧道 轻微热害问题 隧道穿越热水系统径流区 隧道布设于径流区之上，深部热水通过热传导方式对
上部岩体及浅层地下水加热，隧道可能存在中低岩温
和中低温热涌突水问题芒康山隧道 轻微热害问题 隧道穿越热水系统排泄区 热水上升溢流时，与浅层冷水混合，出露温度略微降低，
但地温梯度值仍较大；位于上溢区的隧道，虽埋深相对较
浅，但穿越控制热水出露的断层或裂隙密集带附近，易诱
发高压热水、高岩温以及热水腐蚀性问题康定1#隧道、
拉月隧道中等热害问题、
严重热害问题
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