Transformation characteristics of the large-flow river and groundwater in the fault zone in the glacier-covered area of Bomi in Tibet
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摘要:
川藏铁路波密段穿越冰川覆盖区，分布多条与断裂复合发育的大型河流，水量丰富，可与断裂共同构成构造高压涌水突泥灾害风险源。本文通过多期测流和对大气降水、冰川、河流和地下水水化学、同位素特征分析，研究了大型河流的流量变化特征和地表水与断裂带裂隙水的转化关系。结果表明：西藏波密冰川覆盖区河水主要接受冰川融水和大气降水补给。雨季河水的δ18O和δD值小于旱季，说明河水雨季和旱季的补给源结构不同。旱季气温低，以大气降水补给为主；雨季冰川融水量陡增，为主要补给源。断裂影响范围内的古乡沟、比通曲和龙冲曲河水流量较大，均超过4×104 m3/d，但年内流量波动幅度小于非断裂带影响范围的河流。河流可渗漏补给断裂带水。浅层循环断裂带水年龄5～10 a，中深层断裂带水年龄超过4000 a，水岩作用较充分。非断裂带影响范围的河流与基岩风化裂隙水存在较密切的水力联系和较频繁的相互转化。研究成果可为青藏高原东部冰川覆盖区铁路隧道高压涌水突泥灾害的早期识别和灾害防范措施制定提供参考。
Abstract:The Bomi section of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway passes through the glacier-covered area where multiple large-scale river compounded with faults occur. The river water is abundant, leading to a tectonic high-pressure water inrush and mud outburst disaster risk source. This paper studies the flow characteristics of large-scale river and the transformation relationship between surface water and tectonic fissure water through flow measurement and analysis of precipitation, glacier melting water, river water and groundwater hydrochemistry, isotopic characteristics, and hydrogeochemical processes. The results show that the river water in Bomi glacier covered area in Tibet is mainly supplied by glacier melting water and precipitation. In rainy season, the values of δ 18O and δ D are less than those in dry season, indicating that the structure of water-supply source is different. During the dry season, the main source of replenishment is precipitation due to the low temperature, and in the rainy season the amount of glacier melting increases sharply, which becomes the main source of recharge. The discharge of rivers Guxianggou, Bitongqu and Longchongqu, which are compounded with the fault, is larger than 4×104 m3/d. However, the annual flow fluctuation is less than that of the rivers in the non-fault zone. The river water could supply the fault zone water, forming shallow circulation groundwater of 5−10 a and medium and deep circulation groundwater of more than 4000 a. There is a close hydraulic connection and frequent mutual transformation between the river and bedrock weathering fissure water in the non-fault zone. The research results can provide references for the early identification of high-pressure water and mud inrush disasters in tunnels and the formulation of disaster prevention measures in the glacier-covered area of the eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
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表 1 水样主要水化学指标值
Table 1. Concentration statistics of the main hydrochemical indexes of water samples
样品分类 项目 pH TDS K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl− 
/（mg·L−1） 地表水—
2020年
4月最大值 7.99 551.00 5.16 2.84 147.40 23.07 1.75 353.50 158.50 最小值 7.33 84.00 1.29 0.85 21.95 1.88 1.40 15.19 53.84 平均值 7.57 248.53 2.65 1.53 62.65 7.79 1.69 118.35 85.86 标准差 0.18 143.92 1.08 0.58 37.50 5.21 0.13 102.28 27.91 中位数 7.57 210.00 2.24 1.36 46.16 6.65 1.75 90.23 83.75 变异系数 0.02 0.58 0.41 0.38 0.60 0.67 0.08 0.86 0.33 地表水—
2019年
8月最大值 8.05 196.17 4.39 1.30 56.20 8.69 0.20 80.31 173.20 最小值 7.48 37.09 0.40 0.47 8.62 0.98 0.05 4.29 27.83 平均值 7.83 96.18 1.64 0.72 26.20 3.46 0.09 25.15 64.26 标准差 0.19 55.89 1.15 0.22 16.10 2.26 0.04 22.53 41.16 中位数 7.90 83.82 1.45 0.69 22.30 3.06 0.08 21.67 52.57 变异系数 0.02 0.58 0.70 0.31 0.61 0.65 0.45 0.90 0.64 地下水 最大值 7.69 1325.00 6.28 3.30 340.00 23.04 2.79 848.60 191.40 最小值 7.50 176.00 4.69 1.02 48.23 3.51 1.75 32.03 122.60 平均值 7.58 612.50 5.62 1.94 158.11 14.59 2.18 332.11 142.25 标准差 0.08 462.82 0.58 0.86 118.45 8.55 0.45 336.14 28.48 中位数 7.57 474.50 5.76 1.73 122.11 15.90 2.10 223.91 127.50 变异系数 0.01 0.76 0.10 0.44 0.75 0.59 0.21 1.01 0.20 降水及
冰川最大值 7.45 67.37 0.55 5.24 12.57 1.59 1.75 8.50 53.78 最小值 6.38 10.63 0.39 0.10 1.07 0.08 1.40 1.41 6.52 平均值 6.80 36.02 0.49 1.85 5.93 1.06 1.52 4.75 31.07 标准差 0.47 23.54 0.07 2.40 4.86 0.69 0.16 2.91 19.34 中位数 6.56 30.07 0.54 0.21 4.15 1.51 1.40 4.33 32.90 变异系数 0.07 0.65 0.15 1.30 0.82 0.65 0.11 0.61 0.62 
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表 2 样品年代半定量对应表
Table 2. Half quantitive corresponding table between content and age
样品类型及编号 氚含量/TU 半定量年龄* 分类 泉-YGA10 6.2±0.9 5～10 a 浅循环地下水 泉-YGA28 4.1±0.8 5～10 a 浅循环地下水 泉-YGA34 3.9±0.8 1952年前补给与
5～10 a补给混合水浅循环地下水 钻孔样品 2.9±0.7 4640 a 中深循环地下水 地表水-YGA01 5.9±0.9 − 河水与地下水混合 地表水-YGB17 7.0±0.9 − 河水与地下水混合 地表水-YGB30 8.5±1.2 − 河水与地下水混合 注：*钻孔样品为14C测定的表现年龄。
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