Evolution regularity of the plateau tectonic karst and the relevant karst groundwater circulation mode in Mount Genie and Zaya sections along the Sichuan-Xizang Railway
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摘要:
川藏铁路建设面临高原构造岩溶高压突水突泥重大地质安全风险，开展高原构造岩溶发育规律与岩溶地下水循环模式研究对隧道突水突泥灾害早期预测具有重要意义。文章分析研究了川藏铁路格聂山和察雅段构造岩溶发育规律及岩溶地下水循环模式。研究表明，研究区构造岩溶发育具有明显的层序规律和高程分带性，一至四级岩溶发育区分别形成于中新世之前、中新世晚期至上新世、上新世和上新世至更新世，高程依次为4900～5300 m、4000～4300 m、3700～3800 m和2900～3200 m。活动断裂对岩溶水分布、富集具有明显控制作用，晚更新世以来的活动断裂沟通岩溶发育区段，形成特有的高原岩溶蓄水构造条件。岩溶地下水系统可分为高位补给区、远程管道径流区和集中排泄区，高位补给区位于一级岩溶发育区，三、四级岩溶发育区为岩溶水集中排泄区，常出露流量大于100 L/s的岩溶大泉。岩溶水流系统可分为浅部水流系统和深部水流系统。岩溶大泉主要接受冰雪融水补给，具有水压高、流程长和深循环的动力特征。低温状态下冰雪融水高CO2饱和浓度和
< span class="inline-formula-span" > < span class="inline-formula-span" > ${\rm{SO}}_4^{2-} $ < /span > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='202104005_Z-20210803102053.png'/ > < /span > < img text_id='' class='formula-img' style='display:none;' src='202104005_Z-20210803102053.png'/ > Abstract:Construction of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway may face significant geological safety risks of water inrush and mud inrush in the plateau tectonic karst region. It is of great scientific and practical significance to carry out research on the evolution regularity of the plateau tectonic karst and the relevant karst groundwater circulation mode for the early prediction and identification of the water inrush and mud inrush disaster in the railway tunnel to be built. Based on the field survey and published literatures, this paper makes an in-depth analysis and draws some conclusions. The tectonic karst development shows obvious sequence characteristics and elevation zonation. The first level to fourth level karst development areas were formed before Miocene, late Miocene to Pliocene, Pliocene and Pliocene to Pleistocene, and occur in the elevation range of 4900−5300 m, 4000−4300 m, 3700−3800 m and 2900−3200 m, respectively. Active faults obviously control the distribution and enrichment of karst groundwater. Since the late Pleistocene, active faults have connected different karst areas and formed unique storage conditions for the tectonic karst groundwater in the plateau region. Karst groundwater system can be divided into high recharge area, remote pipeline flow area and concentrated discharge area. The high recharge area occurs in the first-level karst evaluation area, and the third-level and fourth-level are the concentrated discharge area which generally contain the outcropping springs with a discharge of more than 100 L/s. The groundwater system is appropriately divided into shallow and deep groundwater flow system. Karst springs are mainly supplied by ice and snow melting water, and exhibits the dynamic characteristics of the high water pressure, long flow path and deep water groundwater circulation. High CO2 saturation concentration of the melting water and the salt effect of sulfate promote the formation of high TDS sulfuric acid karst groundwater of low temperature.
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Key words:
- Sichuan-Tibet Railway /
- tectonic karst /
- evolution regularity /
- groundwater /
- water circulation model
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表 1 研究区样品水化学组分及氢氧同位素含量
Table 1. Chemical compositions and hydrogen and oxygen isotope content of the water samples in the study area
研究区 样品类型 水化学组分含量/（mg·L−1） TDS K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl− 
察雅 温泉 1255 2.40 14.54 271.10 58.9 4.89 754.00 215.40 2051 3.45 35.10 422.10 95.05 5.59 1360.00 263.20 冷泉 159.1 0.45 1.77 48.61 4.70 1.75 14.36 155.40 2562 0.63 5.59 586.20 100.10 2.10 1752.00 203.80 286.5 0.66 3.98 57.95 22.01 1.75 102.30 178.70 地表水 107.40～232.70 1.04～2.37 3.95～13.30 19.33～52.81 4.23～30.08 1.05～1.75 4.31～24.71 110.60～256.60 121.70～273.50 0.67～1.20 3.71～6.11 20.77～61.44 9.67～15.85 1.40～1.75 23.02～107.10 95.71～155.40 格聂山 温泉 1002 18.38 119.60 208.30 26.93 8.73 76.83 476.20 1015.72 15.40 274.00 2.15 0.15 40.66 48.96 993.60 冷泉 114.70～287.60 0.22～1.79 0.01～13.24 30.39～72.21 5.62～17.12 0.09～2.10 5.21～35.21 122.60～274.60 242.11～330.34 0.87～2.00 2.39～4.49 59.50～85.40 15.2～28.40 0.33～1.53 45.90～103.12 204.10～228.80 1014.00～1331.00 0.67～2.17 262.4～310.6 57.90～61.10 6.15～37.62 1.75～2.45 579.60～754.80 189.2～299.00 1150.00 0.52 320.2 42.70 5.97 1.75 695.90 157.40 地表水 101.80～216.45 0.25～1.50 0.07～3.31 26.40～59.90 2.60～10.60 0.10～1.75 2.90～28.19 97.63～194.80 140.20～239.50 0.42～3.19 1.14～4.61 29.59～65.20 6.96～12.00 0.10～2.10 38.53～65.90 84.95～164.50 研究区 样品类型 水化学类型 pH 同位素含量 δD/‰ δ18O/‰ T/TU 察雅 温泉 SO4·HCO3—Ca·Mg 7.18 −138 −16.3 4.7 SO4—Ca·Mg 7.35 −139 −18.1 3.4 冷泉 HCO3—Ca 7.99 −135 −17.7 6.9 SO4—Ca·Mg 7.17 −139 −18.2 4.3 HCO3·SO4—Ca·Mg 7.63 −135 −18.2 7.4 地表水 HCO3—Ca·Mg 7.19～8.52 −134～−122 −17.3～−16.2 6.1～11.6 HCO3·SO4—Ca·Mg 7.23～8.40 −128～−122 −17.0～−16.3 8.2～16.4 格聂山 温泉 HCO3—Ca·Na 6.74 −142 −18.5 1.1 HCO3—Na 8.79 −154 −18.8 − 冷泉 HCO3—Ca·Mg 7.66～8.30 −131～−127 −17.8～−16.8 4.9～8.0 HCO3·SO4—Ca·Mg 8.00～8.08 −126～−122 −16.9～−15.8 <12.4 SO4·HCO3—Na·Ca 7.69～7.92 −132～−127 −17.1～−16.9 2.9～9.0 SO4—Na 7.79 −131 −17.7 8.1 地表水 HCO3—Ca·Mg 7.55～8.28 −127～−119 −16.8～−15.8 6.4～9.6 HCO3·SO4—Ca·Mg 7.01～8.29 −129～−124 −17.5～−16.8 4.4～15.2 
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