An analysis of the genesis and engineering influence of geothermal water in the Kangding tunnel site of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway
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摘要:
川藏铁路康定隧址区穿越鲜水河断裂带，属地热异常区，对铁路建设造成一定的热害威胁。采用野外调查、水化学分析和氢氧同位素测试等技术方法，开展了川藏铁路康定隧址区地热水成因研究。结果表明，康定隧址区地热水水化学类型主要为HCO3·Cl—Na和HCO3—Na型，聚集于折多塘、康定和中谷3个热水区。地热水均为未成熟水，热储温度为104～172 ℃，深部初始地热水温度为186～250 ℃，冷水混合比例为0.56～0.81。氢氧同位素显示地热水补给高程为3768～4926 m。在康定隧址区，地热水受到高海拔水源补给，主体断裂构造为导热构造，次级分支断裂和发育节理、裂隙的断层破碎带为导水构造，地热水形成后沿浅部断层破碎带出露形成温泉。FEFLOW数值模拟分析表明研究区100 m深度地温场温度为35.4～95.1 ℃，研究区内三个热水区之间存在低温通道。隧道建设时应重点关注康定热水区的高温水热灾害。
Abstract:The Kangding tunnel of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway crosses the Xianshuihe Fault Zone where geothermal abnormity occurs and is harmful for railway construction. This paper analyzes the genetic mechanism of geothermal waters through the integration of field survey, hydrochemical analysis and D-O isotopic experiments. The results show that HCO3·Cl—Na and HCO3—Na types are the main hydrochemical types of hot springs in the Kangding tunnel area, which exists in the Zheduotang, Kangding and Zhonggu geothermal areas. Geothermal waters are immature and the reservoir temperature ranges from 104 ℃ to 172 ℃. Deep initial geothermal waters display the reservoir temperature of 186−250 ℃ and are mixed by 56%−81% of cold water. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes show that the recharge elevation of the geothermal water ranges from 3768 m to 4926 m. In the study area, geothermal waters are recharged by water source at high elevation. The main fault is the structure of thermal conductivity, and secondary faults and fracture zones are the channel of water migration. Geothermal waters arise and expose as hot springs on the land surface. Simulated geothermal field of 100 m has the temperatures of 35.4−95.1 ℃. Relatively low-temperature channel may be existed among three geothermal areas. High-temperature geohazard induced by geothermal water should be focused in the Kangding area during tunnel construction.
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Key words:
- geothermal water /
- hydrogeochemistry /
- genetic model /
- engineering effect /
- Kangding tunnel area
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表 1 研究区水样的水化学和同位素测试分析结果
Table 1. Hydrochemical and isotopic constituents of the water samples in the study area
编号 取样类型 位置 溶解性总固体 K+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl− 
SiO2 离子平衡检验/% /(mg·L−1) D1 温泉水 榆林村白湾 1002.4 40.0 340.0 4.0 0.6 223.4 25.1 530.9 101.0 −1.5 D2 灌顶温泉 1430.8 55.0 400.0 40.1 14.6 294.3 75.8 720.0 178.3 0.6 D3 龙头沟温泉 1649.6 56.0 550.0 12.0 29.2 260.6 0.1 1019.0 93.5 7.7 D4 榆林村温泉 1949.7 75.0 650.0 7.0 7.3 340.4 46.4 1304.3 95.5 −1.8 D5 金家河坝温泉 1126.5 30.0 330.0 41.1 12.2 157.4 182.4 579.7 82.2 −0.2 D6 二道桥清泉村温泉 1147.1 12.0 74.0 320.6 30.4 46.1 11.5 1281.4 93.1 −2.5 D7 中谷热水塘1 1009.3 30.0 270.0 71.1 16.4 64.9 6.5 897.0 96.5 −0.3 D8 中谷热水塘2 1315.8 32.0 340.0 80.2 13.4 83.3 5.0 1128.8 114.5 −1.1 D9 亚拉乡1 1297.5 38.0 390.0 98.2 20.7 99.3 10.0 1281.4 96.2 0.2 D10 亚拉乡2 1222.0 36.0 370.0 90.2 21.3 85.1 2.9 1305.8 85.2 −2.0 D11 中谷大盖1 805.4 31.0 280.0 42.5 9.1 58.5 8.9 762.7 81.5 4.2 D12 中谷大盖2 1132.0 34.0 290.0 45.1 7.9 76.2 8.6 915.3 104.5 −4.3 D13 折多塘 388.9 2.1 140.0 9.0 0.6 8.9 8.7 372.2 52.0 −1.3 D14 冷泉水 清泉山庄北60 m 156.4 0.2 1.9 106.8 8.4 0.7 10.4 171.7 − −1.9 D15 二道桥 329.9 2.6 4.4 73.2 23.8 0.7 88.7 236.8 − −1.8 D16 地表水 折多山海子 13.0 0.1 1.4 9.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 14.2 − −0.2 D17 雅拉河水 127.2 1.4 8.6 31.2 7.2 1.8 13.3 124.3 10.3 −1.6 编号 取样类型 位置 温度/℃ pH 水化学类型 石英温标/℃ 硅焓方程法 δ18O/‰ δD/‰ δD补给高程/m 初始热水水温/℃ 冷水混合比 D1 温泉水 榆林村白湾 6.8 HCO3·Cl—Na 138 186 0.56 −16.8 −135.6 4926 D2 灌顶温泉 84 7.6 HCO3·Cl—Na 172 − − −14.7 −115.6 4097 D3 龙头沟温泉 81 8.7 HCO3·Cl—Na 133 198 0.63 −16.2 −127.8 4603 D4 榆林村温泉 70 8.4 HCO3·Cl—Na 135 210 0.71 −15.8 −131.1 4740 D5 金家河坝温泉 64 6.5 HCO3·Cl—Na 127 228 0.80 −14.9 −116.2 4122 D6 二道桥清泉村温泉 48 7.4 HCO3—Na 133 − − −15.6 −107.7 3768 D7 中谷热水塘1 40 6.9 HCO3—Na 135 250 0.81 −15.6 −115.9 4109 D8 中谷热水塘2 47 6.7 HCO3—Na 145 240 0.76 −15.9 −119.3 4251 D9 亚拉乡1 62 6.8 HCO3—Na 135 − − −16.7 −125.9 4524 D10 亚拉乡2 45 7.1 HCO3—Na 128 208 0.74 −17.0 −128.7 4641 D11 中谷大盖1 50 6.9 HCO3—Na 126 − − −16.4 −124.1 4450 D12 中谷大盖2 37 7.0 HCO3—Na 140 − − −16.3 −120.5 4300 D13 折多塘 46 7.8 HCO3—Na 104 190 0.81 −15.3 −113.8 4022 D14 冷泉水 清泉山庄北60 m 38 7.8 HCO3—Ca − − − − − − D15 二道桥 12 7.8 HCO3—Ca − − − − − − D16 地表水 折多山海子 12 7.3 HCO3—Ca − − − −15.6 −112.9 − D17 雅拉河水 − 8.1 HCO3—Ca − − − −13.3 −99.6 − 
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