Deformation characteristics of a high and steep mining slope with gently-inclined layered structure
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摘要:
采空区深度、平面位置等控制缓倾层状结构采动斜坡的变形特征，直接影响采动斜坡整体稳定性。近年来，国内外学者针对地下采煤引起上覆岩体变形开展了大量研究，但目前采空区特征对斜坡关键位置的影响作用揭示还不够深入。贵州省发耳煤矿尖山营变形体是典型的缓倾层状结构采动斜坡，具有上陡下缓、上硬下软的特征。文章以发耳尖山营变形体为例，采用地质过程机制定性分析和数值模拟方法研究了多层开采与不同深度单层开采对斜坡变形的影响，揭示采空区宽度、深度及深厚比等参数对斜坡变形特征的影响。结果表明：多层开采导致斜坡坡脚破坏和整体塌陷，引起斜坡产生显著向坡外的水平位移，导致竖向位移远大于煤层开采总厚度；采空区跨越坡脚致使开采深厚比急剧减小，采动裂隙更易扩展至地表，是坡脚附近岩体产生破坏的重要因素；采空区宽度增大、多层采动会显著加剧斜坡变形，采空区深度增加可减小斜坡变形量值，但显著增加变形范围。在地形起伏强烈地区采煤，通过优化工作面布置，防止开采深厚比急剧减小、控制采空区宽度、避免重复采动以及开采更深部煤层对斜坡稳定性有利。
Abstract:The depth and plane position of the goaf control the deformation characteristics of the mining slope with gently inclined layered structure and directly affect the overall stability of the mining slope. In recent years, scholars have carried out a large number of studies on the deformation of the overlying rock mass caused by underground coal mining, but the influence of goaf characteristics on the key positions of slopes has not been revealed deeply enough. The Jianshanying deformation body in the Faer Coal Mine in Guizhou Province is a typical gently-inclined layered mining slope, which has the steep upward and gentle downward, and hard upward and soft downward characteristics. The Jianshanying Deformation Body is chosen as the subject of the study in this paper. The effects of multi-layer mining and single-layer mining at different depths on the slope deformation are studied by qualitative analyses of the geological process mechanism and numerical simulation method. The width, depth and depth ratio of goaf have an important influence on the slope deformation characteristics. The results show that the multi-layer mining leads to the destruction of the slope toe and the overall collapse, which will cause the slope to produce a significant horizontal displacement, resulting in the vertical displacement of the multi-layer mining being much greater than the total thickness of the coal seam mining. The goaf crossing the slope toe, which makes the depth-to-thickness ratio decrease sharply and the mining cracks are more likely to extend to the surface, is an important factor for the destruction of the rock mass near the slope toe. When the width of the goaf increases or the multi-layer mining operation is carried out, the slope deformation increases significantly. When the depth of the goaf increases, the slope deformation value decreases, but the deformation range increases. It is beneficial to slope stability by optimizing the layout of the working face to prevent the sharp decrease of the depth-to-thickness ratio, controlling the width of the goaf, avoiding repeated mining and increasing the depth of mining, when mining in the strong terrain areas.
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表 1 煤层开采参数及采空区特征对比
Table 1. Coal seam mining parameters and goaf characteristic comparison
煤层序号 开采深度/m 开采长度/m 采空区是否
含有煤柱采空区是否
跨越坡脚第一层（M1） 272.89 444.95 否 否 第二层（M3） 301.10 420.88 是 否 第三层（M5-2） 303.18 295.43 是 是 第四层（M5-3） 345.25 285.31 是 否 第五层（M7） 390.26 542.29 是 是 第六层（M10） 512.38 397.00 是 是 
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表 2 数值模拟计算参数
Table 2. Numerical simulation calculation parameters
微观参数 粉砂岩 泥质粉砂岩 泥岩 煤层 线性接触模量/GPa 7 6 2 2 线性接触刚度比 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 黏结模量/GPa 7 6 2 2 黏结刚度比 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 法向黏结强度/MPa 35 30 10 9 切向黏结强度/MPa 35 30 10 9 摩擦角/（°） 23 20 15 10 节理刚度比 1 节理摩擦系数 0.3
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