An analysis of the endowment characteristics and geneses of geothermal resources in the Zhangye Basin
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摘要:
张掖盆地地处甘肃省河西走廊黑河流域中游地区，地势南东高北西低。已有勘探资料显示，张掖盆地赋存丰富的水热型地热资源。通过研究该区域地球物理勘探、钻探、地温测量及水文地球化学等成果资料，分析了张掖盆地地热资源赋存特征，探讨了其成因模式。张掖盆地地热田属沉积盆地型中低温地热田，热储为呈层状分布的新近系白杨河组砂岩、砂砾岩，选择钾镁地球化学温标计算热储温度为47～82 °C，盖层为新近系上新统疏勒河组泥岩及第四系松散地层；地热水类型主要为碎屑岩类孔隙水，根据氢氧同位素特征推断其主要补给来源为南部祁连山区大气降水；祁连山北缘深大断裂和盆地内NNW向基底断裂是地热流体深循环良好的导水通道，地下水接受补给后沿导水断裂带或岩层孔隙裂隙运移，在深部热传导的增温作用下，赋存于碎屑岩类孔隙之中形成了本区的地热资源。水质分析结果表明：本区地热水属于溶滤型的陆相沉积水，水化学类型为Cl·SO4—Na型，F−、SiO2、溶解性总固体、总硬度含量随水温的升高而增大；区内地热水3H值普遍小于2.0 TU，说明形成年代较早；14C分析结果进一步证实，区域地热水形成年龄超过20 ka，反映出地热流体补给路径长、径流缓慢的特点。研究成果可为张掖盆地地热资源勘查和开发利用提供重要参考。
Abstract:As a part of Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province, the Zhangye Basin is located in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, with high topography in the southeast and low topography in the northwest. The existing exploration data show that the Zhangye basin is rich in hydrothermal geothermal resources. Based on the study of geophysical exploration, geothermal drilling, geo-temperature measurement and hydrogeochemistry, this paper analyzes the occurrence characteristics of geothermal resources and discusses the genetic mode in Zhangye Basin. The geothermal field in the Zhangye basin belongs to the sedimentary basin type of low-medium temperature. The geothermal reservoir is composed of sandstone and glutenite of Neogene Baiyanghe Formation with layered distribution. Temperature of the geothermal reservoir ranges from 47 to 82 °C calculated by using the potassium magnesium geochemical temperature standard. The caprock consists of mudstone of Neogene Shulehe Formation and Quaternary unconsolidated sediments. The geothermal water type is mainly clastic pore water. The characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotope indicate that the main recharge source is atmospheric precipitation in the southern Qilian Mountains. The deep faults in the northern margin of Qilian Mountains and NNW-trending basement faults in the basin are good conduits for deep circulation of the geothermal fluids. After receiving recharge, groundwater migrates along the water-conducting fault zones or rock pore fractures. Heating by the deep heat conduction, it occurs in the pores of clastic rocks and forms geothermal resources in this area. The results of hydrochemical analyses show that the geothermal water in this area belongs to continental sedimentary water containing dissolved water in rock salt formation, and the hydrochemical type is of Cl·SO4—Na. The contents of fluorine, SiO2, total dissolved solids and total hardness increase with the increasing water temperature. The tritium value of hot water in the area is generally less than 2.0 TU, indicating that the formation age is relatively early. The results of carbon-14 analysis further confirm that the formation age of the regional geothermal water is more than 20,000 years, reflecting the characteristics of a long geothermal fluid supply path and slow runoff. The research results can provide important reference for exploration and utilization of geothermal resources in the Zhangye Basin.
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Key words:
- geothermal resources /
- reservoir /
- hydrogeochemistry /
- geothermal genesis /
- groundwater age /
- Zhangye Basin
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表 1 张掖盆地地热勘探孔地层时代及厚度对比表
Table 1. Geological age and thickness of strata tapped by geothermal exploration holes in the Zhangye Basin
地层或侵入岩时代 厚度/m 临泽LZDR1井 民参1井 张掖
ZYDR1井民参2井 甘浚
ZYDR2井体育公园
ZYDR3井民乐
MLDR1井第四系（Q） 412.85 669.10 651.60 685.00 598.00 590.00 644.00 新近系上新统（N2） 287.15 806.00 808.40 1117.00 592.00 1055.00 1154.00 新近系中新统（N1） 304.10 328.00 344.50 358.00 319.10 375.00 390.00 白垩系（K） 缺失 3244.20
（未揭穿）796.72
（未揭穿）1660.00
（未揭穿）120.60 154.03
（未揭穿）缺失 奥陶系（O） 未揭露 未揭露 未揭露 未揭露 423.38
（未揭穿）未揭露 未揭露 加里东期侵入岩 496.49
（未揭穿）未揭露 未揭露 未揭露 未揭露 未揭露 81.18
（未揭穿）
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表 2 张掖盆地地热勘探孔孔隙型热储统计表
Table 2. Statistics of geothermal reservoirs of pore type tapped by geothermal exploration holes in the Zhangye Basin
孔号 位置 井深
/m水头埋深
/m孔隙型热储岩性 热储底界
埋深/m孔隙型热储总厚度/m 热储底界测温/°C LZDR1 临泽县城南部 1500.59 62.00 砂岩、砂砾岩 1004.40 134.55 40.00 ZYDR1 甘州区滨河新区 2601.22 16.35 砂岩、砂砾岩 1804.50 174.50 49.70 ZYDR2 甘州区甘浚镇 2053.08 212.00 砂岩、砂砾岩 1509.10 165.40 41.50 ZYDR3 沙漠体育公园 2174.00 147.00 砂岩、砂砾岩 2020.00 175.48 58.64 MLDR1 民乐县新天镇 2269.18 69.51 砂岩、砂砾岩 2188.00 193.05 64.60
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表 3 张掖盆地地下热水水化学分析结果
Table 3. Hydrochemical analyses of geothermal waters in the Zhangye Basin
孔号 温度
/°CTDS
/（mg∙L−-1）总硬度
/（mg∙L−1）pH ρ/（mg∙L−1） 
偏硅酸 偏硼酸 锶 锂 硒 铁 溴 游离
CO2LZDR1 45 3 432 374.8 7.6 8.0 1 044 84.2 39.9 0 217.1 1 293 701.6 6.2 1.4 28.36 12.0 5.84 0.23 0.001 0.06 1.16 6.98 ZYDR1 56 4 497 286.7 8.5 13.7 1 409 56.2 35.6 23.8 743.0 1 331 828.0 3.7 2.1 35.4 20.2 3.77 0.62 <0.002 0.02 2.20 8.40 ZYDR2 46 3 513 509.4 7.6 12.1 1 017 142.9 37.0 0 167.5 1 285 804.6 3.5 1.9 31.1 16.0 5.41 0.87 <0.001 0.33 0.77 7.63 ZYDR3 76 5 427 487.9 7.1 46.0 1 586 88.5 64.8 0 773.1 1 449 1 242.0 29.2 3.5 64.2 26.3 5.59 1.48 <0.002 0.58 1.40 51.80 MLDR1 77 5 810 1 131.0 7.7 61.7 1 522 250.0 123.0 0 596.0 1 754 1 408.0 37.2 3.6 59.8 3.2 10.80 1.04 0.027 <0.02 <0.01 106.00
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表 4 张掖盆地水样氢、氧同位素分析结果
Table 4. Results of hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses of geothermal water in the Zhangye Basin
编号 位置 地下水
类型δ18O
/‰δD
/‰3H
/TUH2 鹰落峡 河水 −9.7 −62 58 H3 新河大桥 河水 −7.9 −61 51 H4 乌江大桥 河水 −6.9 −46 49 PQ1 山丹河 泉水 −6.0 −47 55 PQ2 乌江四社 泉水 −7.4 −53 51 Y36 张掖龙渠 潜水 −7.6 −52 55 Y37 张掖甘浚 潜水 −6.9 −51 65 Y5 张掖新墩 潜水 −7.1 −50 57 Y41 张掖大满 潜水 −6.5 −44 47 Y10 张掖城区 承压水 −7.8 −56 39 Y11 张掖城区 承压水 −9.2 −63 21 Y14 张掖城区 承压水 −9.2 −58 16 Y47 张掖乌江 承压水 −9.9 −61 20 LZDR1 临泽沙河 地下热水 −10.5 −77 1.5±0.7 ZYDR1 张掖滨河新区 地下热水 −10.4 −76 <1.0 ZYDR2 张掖甘浚 地下热水 −9.5 −74 <0.5 ZYDR3 张掖党寨 地下热水 −10.0 −77 1.3±0.5 MLDR1 民乐新天镇 地下热水 −10.3 −76 <0.5
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表 5 张掖盆地地下热水热储温度估算
Table 5. Estimated temperature of geothermal reservoirs in the Zhangye Basin
孔号 LZDR1 ZYDR1 ZYDR2 ZYDR3 MLDR1 ρ(K+)/（mg·L−1） 8.05 13.73 12.06 46.04 61.70 ρ(Mg2+)/（mg·L−1） 39.92 35.58 37.04 64.80 123.00 实测井口温度/°C 45.00 56.00 46.00 78.00 77.00 估算热储温度/°C 47.82 60.29 57.04 81.49 80.80
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表 6 张掖盆地地热勘探孔推测热水循环深度
Table 6. Estimated circulation depth of geothermal water in geothermal exploration holes in the Zhangye Basin
孔号 孔深/m 测温深度/m 测温/°C 地温梯度
/（°C·100−1·m−1）热储底界
埋深/m推测热水循
环深度/mLZDR1 1500.59 1500.00 45.60 2.58 1004.40 1588.91 ZYDR1 2601.22 2600.00 67.14 2.32 1804.50 2301.12 ZYDR2 2053.08 2000.00 47.70 2.04 1509.10 2453.53 ZYDR3 2174.00 2120.00 63.40 2.67 2020.00 2797.42 MLDR1 2269.18 2200.00 64.60 2.63 2188.00 2813.27
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