Spatio-temporal change characteristics of water conservation function in the Zhang-Cheng district based on the InVEST model
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摘要:
水源涵养作为重要的生态系统服务功能之一，对张家口和承德地区的生态系统及用水安全有着重要的意义。为了改进以往研究中对地形及土壤渗透性等考虑不足、对数据空间异质性分析不充分等问题，文章基于生态系统服务和权衡的综合评估模型（integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs，InVEST），使用多种高精度的遥感、再分析数据等产品，对2001—2020年张承地区的水源涵养功能进行定量化评价及驱动因素分析。研究发现，2001—2020年张承地区水源涵养功能空间分布上呈现坝下高坝上低的特点，各年水源涵养功能的空间分布存在差异性的同时也具有一定的相似性。时间变化上，20年间水源涵养深度以−0.08 mm/a的平均速率呈下降波动趋势。结合Sen+Mann-Kendall分析发现区内水源涵养功能变化趋势以“基本不变”、“轻微增长”、“轻微降低”三者为主，总占比近98%。区内降水量对水源涵养功能具有很强的显著正相关关系，气温对水源涵养功能在部分地区具有显著负相关关系，植被与水源涵养功能的关系相对复杂。张承地区2020年林地的水源涵养功能最强，水源涵养深度达28.64 mm，总量而言，草地水源涵养功能的贡献最大，水源涵养量达1.12×109 m3。20年间变化中，耕地水源涵养量的降低最为明显，变化速率达−6.49×106 m3/a。上述结果说明张承地区20年间水源涵养功能的时空特征主要受到降水量与植被型土地利用的控制。研究为张承地区生态建设及水资源管理提供重要的决策依据。
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关键词:
- 水源涵养功能 /
- InVEST模型 /
- Sen+Mann-Kendall /
- 相关性分析 /
- 张承地区
Abstract:As one of the important ecosystem service functions, water conservation function is of great significance to the ecosystem and water safety in the Zhangjiakou and Chengde districts. Based on the integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs (InVEST) model, this study quantitatively evaluates the water conservation function and analyses its driving factors of the Zhang-Cheng district from 2001 to 2020 using high-quality remote sensing data and other reanalysis products, in order to improve the problems of insufficient consideration of topography and soil permeability, as well as the inadequate analyses of data spatial heterogeneity in previous studies. The results show that the spatial distribution of the water conservation function in the Zhang-Cheng district from 2001 to 2020 was characterized by high values in the Baxia areas and low values in the Bashang areas. Despite some differences, the spatial distribution of the water conservation function in each year had some similarities to some extent. In terms of the trend, the water conservation depth in these 20 years showed a fluctuating downward trend with an average rate of −0.08 mm/a. Combined with the Sen+Mann-Kendall analysis, the trend of the water conservation function in this area was mainly classified as "No trend", "Slight increase" and "Slight decrease", accounting for nearly 98% of the total area. The results of correlation analysis show that precipitation had a strongly significantly positive correlation with water conservation function, temperature had a significantly negative correlation with water conservation function in some areas, and the correlation between vegetation and water conservation function was complex. In the Zhang-Cheng district in 2020, the woodland had the strongest water conservation function, and the water conservation depth reached 28.64 mm. On the other hand, the grassland water conservation function had the greatest contribution in the total amount, and the water conservation reached 1.12×109 m3. During these 20 years, the water conservation of the farmland had the most obvious decrease, with a rate of −6.49×106 m3/a. The spatio-temporal change characteristics of water conservation function in the Zhang-Cheng district in these 20 years were mainly controlled by precipitation and vegetated land use. This study provides an important decision-making basis for ecological construction and water resources management in the Zhangcheng district.
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表 2 各土地利用类型参数
Table 2. Parameters for each land use
土地利用一级分类 土地利用类型 最大根系深度/mm 蒸散系数 流速系数 林地 常绿针叶林 7 000 1.00 200 落叶针叶林 3 100 1.00 200 落叶阔叶林 3 100 1.00 180 针阔混交林 4 800 1.00 200 灌木丛 2 000 0.90 249 草地 多树草原 2 600 0.85 300 稀树草原 2 300 0.75 400 草地 2 000 0.75 500 耕地 农田 1 500 0.80 400 水域 湿地 1 000 1.20 2 012 水体 1 1.00 2 012 城建用地 城建用地 1 0.25 2 012 未利用土地 未利用土地 200 0.30 1 500 
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表 3 张承地区水源涵养功能变化趋势分级统计
Table 3. Classification statistics on the trends of water conservation function in the Zhang-Cheng district
Sen's slope Z 变化趋势分级 面积占比/% 平均变化趋势/（mm·a−1） β >0.1 |Z | >1.96 显著增长 1.11 0.70 β >0.1 |Z | ≤1.96 轻微增长 32.88 0.30 |β |≤0.1 – 基本不变 35.10 0.01 β <−0.1 |Z | ≤1.96 轻微降低 29.87 −0.54 β <−0.1 |Z | >1.96 显著降低 1.04 −1.25
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表 4 张承地区水源涵养功能驱动因素相关性分级面积占比
Table 4. Classification area proportion of correlations between water conservation function and driving factors in the Zhang-Cheng district
/% 驱动因素 正相关（r>0） 相关性不显著 （p≥0.05）
或不相关（r=0）负相关（r<0） 极显著正相关（p≤0.01） 显著正相关（0.01<p<0.05） 显著负相关（0.01<p<0.05） 极显著负相关（p≤0.01） 降水 99.76 0.08 0.16 0.00 0.00 气温 0.00 0.00 42.95 31.12 25.92 NDVI 0.59 3.82 95.47 0.11 0.01
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表 5 张承地区不同土地利用的水源涵养功能及其变化
Table 5. Water conservation functions and changes in different land uses in the Zhang-Cheng district
土地利用 2020年水源涵养功能 2001—2020年变化 平均水源涵养深度/mm 水源涵养量/（106 m3） 面积/km2 水源涵养量/（106 m3） 水源涵养量回归趋势/（106 m3·a−1） 林地 28.64 199.09 2 266.68 −43.11 1.80 草地 19.49 1 119.97 −1 296.32 416.76 −1.53 耕地 25.16 280.20 −1 056.87 −85.42 −6.49 水域 0.00 0.00 18.21 0.00 0.00 城建用地 8.97 5.34 85.37 3.23 0.08 未利用土地 1.45 0.05 −17.07 0.03 0.00
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