Effects of succession processes of marsh wetland and farmland on groundwater in the Sanjiang Plain
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摘要:
三江平原是我国重要的商品粮基地和沼泽湿地集中分布区。60 a来，随着农田面积持续增加和种植结构调整，湿地退减和地下水水位下降备受关注，地下水是否超采争议不断。文章选取1956—2019年7期遥感影像数据，采用单一土地利用动态度进行沼泽湿地和农田的演变进程特征分析；以1980年、2019—2021年4期同期统测数据和国家地下水监测工程数据为基础，探讨了湿地农田化对地下水水位的影响。结果表明：（1）1956—2019年沼泽湿地呈现减少态势，旱田呈现先增加后减少的态势，水田呈现先增加后稳定的态势，在1956—1996年具有“沼泽湿地变旱田”的特征，2.36×104 km2的沼泽湿地变成旱田，在1996—2019年具有“旱田改水田”的特征，1.15×104 km2的旱田变成水田；（2）三江平原1980—2021年36 546 km2的区域地下水水位降幅小于5 m，3 669 km2的区域地下水水位降幅大于10 m，建三江垦区存在超采地下水现象；（3）与1980年枯水期地下水水位相比，以降深10 m计算，2021年地下水降落漏斗面积为3 669 km2，较2019年面积增大269 km2，向北东方向略有扩张；（4）2019年建三江垦区在强降水的条件下地下水仍难以实现“以丰补欠”的自然调节，地下水储量减少5.81×108 m3。此研究成果为区域水平衡研究奠定了基础，对科学认识水土资源合理开发利用具有重要意义。
Abstract:The Sanjiang Plain is an important base of commodity grain production and contains lots of marsh wetlands in China. In the past 60 years, with the continuous increase of farmland area and the adjustment of planting structure, the decline of wetland and groundwater level has attracted great attention, whether the over-exploited groundwater is controversial. The remote sensing image data from 1956 to 2019 were selected to the analyze the evolution process characteristics of wetland and farmland using single land use dynamic degree. Based on the simultaneous measurement data in 1980 and 2019−2021 and the national groundwater monitoring project data, the influence of wetland reclamation on the groundwater level was explored. The results show that: (1) From 1956 to 2019, the marsh wetland presented a decreasing trend, while the dry land showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing, and the paddy field had a trend of increasing first and then stabilizing. Sanjiang Plain was characterized by “wetland turning into dry land” with the area of 2.36×104 km2 from 1956 to 1996, while it presented “dry land turning into paddy field” with the area of 1.15×104 km2 from 1996 to 2019. (2) The decrease in groundwater level in the area of 36 546 km2 in the Sanjiang Plain from 1980 to 2021 was less than 5 m, and more than 10 m in the eastern area with 3 669 km2. The groundwater in the Jiansanjiang area is being over-exploited. (3) Compared with the groundwater level in the dry season in 1980, the groundwater depression cone area was 3 669 km2 in 2021 with the depth of 10 m as the standard, which was 269 km2 larger than that in 2019, and slightly expanded to the northeast direction. (4) In 2019, it was difficult to reach the natural regulation of “abundance to make up for deficiency” under the condition of heavy rainfall in the Jiansanjiang reclamation area, and the groundwater storage decreased by 5.81×108 m3. The results of this study provide a foundation for the study on regional water balance and are of great significance to the scientific understanding of the rational development and utilization of water and soil resources.
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Key words:
- wetland /
- farmland /
- groundwater level /
- groundwater depression cone /
- the Sanjiang Plain
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表 1 三江平原1956—2019年湿地和农田阶段面积变化
Table 1. Changes in the area of wetland and farmland in the Sanjiang Plain from 1956−2019
阶段 沼泽湿地面积变化/（104 km2） 沼泽湿地动态度/% 农田面积变化/（104 km2） 农田动态度/% 旱田 水田 旱田 水田 1956—1976年 −1.29 −1.80 1.85 0 5.38 1976—1986年 −0.90 −3.93 0.39 0.58 1.08 1986—1996年 −0.17 −1.25 0.58 −0.17 1.46 −2.86 1996—2006年 −0.41 −3.33 −0.03 1.10 −0.07 26.63 2006—2016年 −0.22 −2.77 −1.31 1.28 −2.91 8.47 2016—2019年 −0.13 −7.51 −0.32 −0.01 −3.37 −0.08 注：负值表示面积减少，正值表示面积增加。 
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表 2 三江平原1990—2020年用水量变化
Table 2. Water consumption changes in the Sanjiang Plain from 1990−2020
年份 用水量/（108 m3） 占总用水量的比值/% 地表水 地下水 总量 地表水 地下水 1990 31.57 16.41 47.98 66 34 1995 35.25 26.30 61.55 57 43 2000 54.17 52.76 106.93 51 49 2005 50.51 61.18 111.69 45 55 2010 62.94 86.08 149.02 42 58 2015 65.06 102.95 168.01 39 61 2020 66.67 80.52 147.19 45 55
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表 3 建三江垦区3月地下水水位多年平均降幅
Table 3. Average annual decline of groundwater level in March in the Jiansanjiang area
阶段 监测井降幅/m 监测井
平均降幅
/m监测井平均
下降速率
/（m·a−1）创业监测井 前进监测井 洪河监测井 1997—2003 3.96 4.28 2.40 3.55 0.59 2003—2012 4.02 3.37 3.88 3.75 0.41 2012—2021 2.87 2.45 3.66 2.99 0.32 1997—2021 10.85 10.10 9.94 10.30 0.43
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