玄武岩CO<sub>2</sub>矿化封存监测方法和技术体系研究

廖松林; 马诗佳; 夏菖佑; 高志豪; 刘牧心; 梁希; 戴青; 黄新我; 蒋泽原; 于冰清

doi:10.16030/j.cnki.issn.1000-3665.202308038

玄武岩CO₂矿化封存监测方法和技术体系研究

1.
广东南方碳捕集与封存产业中心，广东广州　510440

2.
伦敦大学学院，伦敦　WC1E 6BT

3.
腾讯公司，广东深圳　518057

详细信息

作者简介: 廖松林（1994—），男，硕士，主要从事二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存技术，二氧化碳驱油与封存、数值模拟等方面研究工作。E-mail：3203861816@qq.com

通讯作者: 马诗佳（1989—），女，博士，主要从事二氧化碳驱油与封存等方面研究工作。E-mail：shijia.ma@gdccus.org

中图分类号: X701；X141

收稿日期: 2023-08-17

修回日期: 2023-10-13

刊出日期: 2024-07-15

Research on monitoring methods and technical systems of CO₂ mineralization in basalt formation

1.
UK-China （Guangdong） CCUS Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong　510440, China

2.
University College London, London　WC1E 6BT, UK

3.
Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong　518057, China

More Information

Corresponding author: MA Shijia, shijia.ma@gdccus.org

Received Date: 17 August 2023

Revised Date: 13 October 2023

Publish Date: 15 July 2024

摘要

摘要:
玄武岩CO₂矿化封存是近年来逐渐受到关注的新一类CO₂地质封存方式，已在冰岛和美国成功开展技术示范。玄武岩CO₂矿化封存主要将CO₂转化为固体矿物，在CO₂注入方式、埋存深度、储盖层物理性质要求等方面与砂岩储层碳封存差异较大，两者监测方案也存在显著差异。文章基于美国Wallula项目和冰岛Carbfix项目的监测经验，结合玄武岩CO₂矿化封存特点，梳理不同CO₂注入相态（超临界态和溶解态）的玄武岩CO₂矿化封存监测方案，横向比较玄武岩CO₂矿化封存、咸水层封存和油气藏封存的监测体系。砂岩储层的封存监测体系侧重观测CO₂储层的地质构造完整性，以及评价潜在泄漏路径上CO₂浓度的变化，监测周期通常要求在50 a以上。相较而言，玄武岩CO₂矿化封存监测体系侧重于观测“水-CO₂-玄武岩”的矿化反应效果，反映井下流体物质性质的变化，包括各化学组分浓度、示踪剂浓度、pH值等参数，定性定量评价矿化反应程度及碳封存效果。最后，基于咸水层封存和油气藏封存的监测技术经验，结合玄武岩CO₂矿化封存监测的技术需求，总结提出由监测范围、监测目的、监测方案和预警体系4大部分组成的玄武岩CO₂矿化封存通用性监测体系，形成了“地下-井筒-地表-地上”的三维空间监测体系。文章提出的玄武岩CO₂矿化封存监测方法和技术体系具有通用性，可为未来开展玄武岩CO₂矿化封存示范项目提供借鉴。
- 玄武岩 /
- 二氧化碳 /
- 矿化封存 /
- 监测技术 /
- 监测体系
Abstract:
CO₂ storage in basalt formation has received much attention as one of the new CO₂ geological storage methods worldwide. It has been successfully implemented in Iceland and the United States. During the process of carbon storage in basalt, CO₂ is transformed into solid minerals, which differs significantly from carbon storage in sandstone reservoirs in terms of CO₂ injection method, burial depth, and physical property requirements of reservoir cap. Significant differences are also found in both monitoring schemes. By studying the Wallula basalt storage project in the United States and the Carbfix mineralization storage project in Iceland, this study compared and summarized the monitoring schemes of basalt storage for different CO₂ injection phases (supercritical and gas dissolved state). The monitoring systems of basalt storage, saline aquifer storage, oil and gas reservoir storage were further compared. The storage monitoring system for sandstone reservoir focuses on the structural integrity of the CO₂ reservoir and evaluating the change of CO₂ concentration along the potential leakage path. The monitoring period is usually more than 50 years. In contrast, basalt mineralization and storage technology focus on the mineralization reaction of “water-CO₂-basalt”. Its monitoring system is mainly to describe the property changing pattern of each substance from downhole fluid (chemical compositions, tracer concentrations, pH, etc.) during the storage cycle. Moreover, it evaluates the degree of mineralization reaction and the storage efficiency of basalt qualitatively and quantitatively. Finally, based on the systematic and comprehensive monitoring scheme of saline aquifer and oil and gas reservoir storage, the basalt-CO₂ mineralization storage monitoring technology is analyzed systematically and a complete set of basalt-CO₂ mineralization storage monitoring scheme and process is summarized. By comparing different CO₂ storage monitoring systems, this study proposes a universal “subsurface-wellbore-surface-ground” monitoring scheme for basalt-CO₂ mineralization: monitoring scope, purpose, program, and alert system. This provides basic information for the future basalt-CO₂ mineralization storage demonstration project.
- basalt /
- CO₂ /
- mineralization storage technology /
- monitoring technology /
- monitoring system

HTML全文

图 1 碳封存机理作用时间与封存安全性之间的关系（据文献[10 , 26]修改）

Figure 1.

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图 2 神华CCS示范工程立体监测技术体系（据文献[16]修改）

Figure 2.

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图 3 低-特低渗透油藏 CO₂驱油封存监测体系（据文献[18]修改）

Figure 3.

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图 4 玄武岩CO₂矿化封存监测体系

Figure 4.

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表 1 美国Wallula项目监测方案梳理^{[9, 27 − 29]}

Table 1. US Wallula project monitoring scheme^{[9, 27 − 29]}

监测阶段	监测方式	监测目的	备注
注气前	①抽水试验	评估注入层位的渗透性	在钻井过程中，进行抽水试验
	②岩屑取样分析	分析储层岩性	在钻井过程中，提取目的层附近岩屑
	③地球物理测井分析	明确储层物理性质（孔隙度、渗透率等）	分析测井资料（包括脉冲中子测井、密度测井、电测井、中子测井、成像测井等）
	④地下流体取样分析	确定样品中组分浓度（溶解性总固体（TDS）、碱度、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺等）参数的基准值	使用特定的井下流体采样器定期提取井下流体
	⑤土壤环境CO₂浓度监测	确定浅层土壤中CO₂浓度基准值	采集注入井周围的浅层土壤气体样本
注气中	①储层温度及压力测试	确定井下CO₂流体的分布情况	监测储层温压条件变化，发现注入区顶部的温度升高约8°C，表明CO₂发生了流动
	②地下流体取样分析及同位素监测	确定样品中相关组分浓度及同位素浓度试验值的变化情况	在注入样品中添加同位素¹⁸O和¹³C
	③示踪剂监测	监测CO₂羽流扩展情况	在开始注入CO₂流体的 48 h内，注入全氟化碳示踪剂（PFT）
	④土壤环境CO₂浓度监测	确定注入过程浅层土壤CO₂浓度的变化情况	采集注入井周围的浅层土壤气体样本^[9]
注气后	①流体温度及压力测试和残余饱和度测试（RST）	监测CO₂注入后地层变化，以及是否存在CO₂泄漏	注入层的大部分CO₂都分布于 2 个玄武岩互流带的最上层，同时也证实在注入层上方的开放层段没有明显的CO₂存在
	②地下流体取样分析及同位素监测	监测CO₂与玄武岩的反应和地下水中相关组分浓度变化	注入CO₂后，地下水中相关组分浓度比注入前提高了1.5~3个数量级；¹⁸O和¹³C同位素浓度显著低于原位地层水，表明注入的CO₂与周围的玄武岩已发生活跃的地球化学反应
	③土壤环境CO₂浓度监测	判断是否存在CO₂浅层泄漏	确定注入后浅层土壤中CO₂浓度的变化情况
闭场环境评估	①电缆地球物理测井分析	评估周围储层和上覆岩层中CO₂的存在，以及评估注入井周围地层岩性特征变化的可能性	由于浮力，游离态CO₂存在于上部两层玄武岩（注入区）
	②抽水测试	评估潜在的小到中尺度渗透性变化	CO₂注入后与注入前地层结构没有明显的变化
	③侧壁岩心取样分析	评估CO₂与玄武岩反应生成的矿化物的情况	采集注入层约 50 块井壁岩心，通过X射线显微断层扫描（XMT）成像技术和纳米二次离子质谱（NanoSIMS）同位素分析法进行对比检查，发现有较多的碳酸盐矿化分布，并有新生成的结核，其成分主要为铁白云石^[28]
注：在注入977 t 超临界CO₂到玄武岩地层 2 a 后，项目于2015年6月进行了 1 次全面的封存监测环境评估，确定玄武岩CO₂矿化封存情况，评估结束后关井，封存项目结束。

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表 2 冰岛Carbfix项目监测方案^{[34 − 39]}

Table 2. The Iceland Carbfix project monitoring scheme^{[34 − 39]}

监测阶段	监测方式	监测目的	备注
注气前	①抽水试验	评估注入层位的渗透性	在钻井过程中，进行抽水试验
	②岩石样品分析	分析封存地点的岩石矿物成分及化学成分	钻井过程中，对岩石进行取样
	③土壤CO₂通量测定分析	确定浅层土壤中CO₂浓度基准值	采集注入井周围的浅层土壤气体样本
	④流体取样分析	确定流体相关参数及示踪剂的基准值	研究地下水补给径流条件及各含水层水力联系情况^[19]
	⑤地层温度及压力测量	确定本底值	对初始地层温度及压力进行多次测量
项目运行时	①示踪剂监测（非反应型示踪剂、反应型示踪剂、同位素示踪剂等）	确定样品中相关离子浓度及同位素浓度试验值的变化情况；监测CO₂羽流扩展情况	在注入井中注入非反应型示踪剂，对选定的监测井进行流体取样分析，其中非反应型示踪剂是通过注气管道注入，反应型示踪剂是通过注水管道注入
	②流体取样分析	监测CO₂与玄武岩的反应和地下水中各组分浓度变化	分析温度、pH、溶解无机碳（DIC）、主要元素（Si、Ca、Mg、Fe等）浓度。注气时，从2012年1月至2012年9月，关键监测井采样频率为每周采样 2 次，之后再到2013年7月（停止注入后1 a ），期间指定监测井 1 周取样 1 次^[30]
	③反应运移模型预测分析	预测CO₂羽的运移情况、矿化程度以及CO₂的注入对储层岩石物理性质及地下水水质的影响	流动运移模型、反应模型及其耦合模型分析。根据前期的物探数据、岩样、水样的分析结果以及不断更新的监测数据对模型的参数进行调整，通常包括地层的渗透率、孔隙度等物理性质参数，矿物的反应动力学参数及反应比表面积等。在此基础上增加模型的模拟时间
	④土壤CO₂通量测定分析	判断是否存在CO₂浅层泄漏	注入井及监测井周围以25 m×25 m网格设置CO₂气体探测器，注入井地下水下游设置 4 组监测线
项目关闭后（计划）	①流体取样分析	持续监测地下水相关离子浓度变化	每隔 1 a 对选定的监测井进行取样分析
	②反应运移模型预测分析	持续更新、完善模型	每隔 1 a 更新 1 次模型
	③大气CO₂监测	持续监测场地周围CO₂浓度变化	每隔 1 a对场地周围选定地点的大气中的CO₂进行测量
注：关闭后的监测应不少于10 a ，若监测数据表明95%以上CO₂已矿化，可提前终止监测。

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表 3 不同类型地质封存案例监测方案对比

Table 3. Comparison of different monitoring schemes

封存类型	咸水层封存	油气藏封存	玄武岩CO₂矿化封存
应用案例	神华CCS示范工程	低-特低渗透油藏CO₂驱油封存项目	美国Wallula项目和冰岛Carbfix项目
监测体系	“大气-地表-地下”CO₂地质封存立体监测技术	低-特低渗透油藏CO₂驱油封存监测体系	无
监测方案	从空间位置上进行了地下、地表、地上 3 个层次的全方位监测，从监测内容上主要着重监测CO₂运移、泄漏情况及目标储层的安全性	空间维度上，分为地层监测、地下水监测、浅层土壤监测、地表环境监测、井场监测和大气监测；从时间维度上分为驱油封存前监测、驱油封存过程中监测、场地封闭过程监测和闭场监测	美国Wallula项目的监测方案分为4个阶段：注入前、注入时、注入后和闭场的环境评估；冰岛Carbfix项目监测方案分为注入前、项目运行时、项目关闭后
监测技术	①地下监测技术：VSP监测、地下温度及压力监测和地质构造监测技术；②地表监测技术：浅层地下水取样分析和土壤环境监测评价技术；③大气监测技术：近地表大气CO₂浓度监测和涡度相关系统监测技术	①地质监测：4D地震技术和时移VSP 技术等；②井场监测：超声波成像测井、井筒完整性监测技术；③CO₂的运移及泄漏监测：CO₂气体分析仪、便携式水样分析仪等	美国Wallula项目主要有流体取样分析、同位素监测以及岩心取样分析等；冰岛Carbfix项目主要包括地球化学监测和同位素示踪剂监测等
监测目的	对CO₂在地下空间的扩散运移状态及其环境影响进行监测与评价	保障CO₂驱油和封存的安全性，监测CO₂是否泄漏	定量分析矿化反应程度，评价玄武岩CO₂矿化封存效果

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表 4 玄武岩CO₂矿化封存监测方案及建议

Table 4. Monitoring scheme for CO₂ storage in basalt

监测位置	监测方式	监测指标	建议监测频率
地上空间监测	传感器监测	距离地表 2 m 处CO₂浓度分布及通量变化	确定不同监测点，注气前 3 d，采用传感器连续监测
地表环境监测	CO₂浓度及通量传感器监测	不同位置土壤中CO₂浓度及通量	注气前 1 个月开始监测，每月记录 2 次
地表环境监测	取样监测	地表植被的生长及健康状况、浅层地下水中CO₂浓度	每 2 个月监测 1 次
井内监测	生产套管壁缺陷（腐蚀和磨损）监测	套管柱各部件的位置、管柱剖面上管柱内径的变化、管壁缺陷	固井完成后检测，每 1 a 监测 1 次
	固井质量测井监测（声波测井、磁脉冲探伤等）	声波水泥测井曲线	固井完成后检测，每 1 a 监测 1 次
	压力传感器监测	注入井环空压力	每天监测环空压力变化 1 次
地下空间监测	监测井流体取样监测	CO₂、示踪剂、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe²⁺浓度，电导率，TDS，DIC，pH值	①项目开始注入前1个月从监测井和注入井取样监测^*；②CO₂注入过程中，每周监测 2 次；③注入结束后，监测井每周监测 1 次，直至项目宣布结束
	压力温度传感器监测	注入层位压力、温度	注气开始前 3 d 进行实时监测，记录井底压力、温度数据，长期记录更新数据
	电磁方法监测	注入井不同层位电阻率和电荷率	注气前 3 d 开始，每 30 min 监测 1 次
项目结束评定标准：取样分析CO₂矿化率达到95%以上、井筒完整无泄漏、地表和地上CO₂无泄漏，之后继续监测 2 a
^*注：项目注入开始前 1 个月进行流体取样监测，不同于Carbfix项目提前 2 a 开始取样检测^[42]，因地层环境的稳定性和项目工程准备的时效性进行优化而给出的建议监测频率。

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玄武岩CO2矿化封存监测方法和技术体系研究

1. 广东南方碳捕集与封存产业中心，广东 广州 510440 2. 伦敦大学学院，伦敦 WC1E 6BT 3. 腾讯公司，广东 深圳 518057

作者简介: 廖松林（1994—），男，硕士，主要从事二氧化碳捕集、利用与封存技术，二氧化碳驱油与封存、数值模拟等方面研究工作。E-mail：3203861816@qq.com

通讯作者: 马诗佳（1989—），女，博士，主要从事二氧化碳驱油与封存等方面研究工作。E-mail：shijia.ma@gdccus.org

Research on monitoring methods and technical systems of CO2 mineralization in basalt formation

1. UK-China （Guangdong） CCUS Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510440, China 2. University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK 3. Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, China

Corresponding author: MA Shijia, shijia.ma@gdccus.org

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玄武岩CO₂矿化封存监测方法和技术体系研究

1.
广东南方碳捕集与封存产业中心，广东广州　510440

2.
伦敦大学学院，伦敦　WC1E 6BT

3.
腾讯公司，广东深圳　518057

Research on monitoring methods and technical systems of CO₂ mineralization in basalt formation

1.
UK-China （Guangdong） CCUS Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong　510440, China

2.
University College London, London　WC1E 6BT, UK

3.
Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong　518057, China