Discussion on the site contamination hydrogeology
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摘要:
随着地下水污染问题越来越受到重视，小尺度场地水文地质工作需求日益强烈。污染场地对水文地质工作的要求具有特殊性，具体包括：（1）小尺度，高分辨率；（2）既要研究污染物泄漏的污染过程，也要研究修复状态下的污染物去除过程；（3）特别需要关注注入含水层的修复剂流体（气体、液体、胶体、微生物等）与地层介质、目标污染物的作用。而传统大尺度的水文地质学难以完全满足上述工作的实际需求。地下水污染场地的控制与修复需要多学科协同，其中水文地质学最为关键。因此，有必要提出水文地质与环境工程学科交叉的“场地污染水文地质学”，以适应地下水污染场地的风险管理的实际需求。文章重点论述了场地污染水文地质学小尺度地层结构与污染羽的刻画、“污染物—水—岩”作用的定量描述以及非均质地层中污染物在多相体系中的作用和影响等，提出了场地污染水文地质学的主要研究内容和需要解决的关键问题，包括：（1）小尺度下场地高分辨率刻画；（2）污染过程和修复过程中污染物在地下环境中的物理、化学和生物作用的定量描述；（3）场地尺度污染物在地下环境介质中的迁移转化；（4）修复剂（助剂）在地下环境中的传输与反应；（5）非均质与低渗透地层污染的控制与修复。
Abstract:With the increasing attention paid to groundwater contamination issues, the increasing demand was needed for small-scale site contamination hydrogeological work. The site contamination hydrogeological work has some particularities, which includes small scale, high resolution, and not only studying of contamination processes with the source leakage, but also studying of contaminant removal under the remediation state. Especially the transportation and reactions in the aquifer for in situ injected fluids (gases, liquids and microbes) of remediation agents need to be concerned greatly. The traditional large-scale hydrogeological work is difficult to meet the special needs above, therefore, it is necessary to propose “site contamination hydrogeology” for site-scale groundwater pollution risk management. This paper focuses on the characterization of stratigraphic media and pollution plumes in small-scale contaminated site, quantitative description of the pollutant-water-rock reactions, and the role and influence of pollutants in heterogeneous strata in multiphase systems. Finally, the main research content and key issues for site contamination hydrogeology were proposed, including: high-resolution characterization of sites at small scales, quantitative description of the physical, chemical, and biological reactions of pollutants in the underground environment during pollution and remediation processes, the migration and transformation of pollutants at the site scale in underground environmental media, transport and reaction of remediation agents (additives) in underground environments, and the pollution control and remediation in heterogeneous and low-permeability formations.
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Key words:
- site contamination hydrogeology /
- small-scale /
- heterogeneous aquifer /
- remedy fluid /
- multiphase system
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表 1 传统水文地质与污染场地水文地质工作的差异
Table 1. Differences in hydrogeological work between traditional and polluted sites
内容 传统水文地质工作 污染场地水文地质工作 工作精度 小比例尺（大区域） 大比例尺（小范围） 地层岩性 需要进行概化 描述尽可能细致，更重视非均质和低渗透性介质 地下水流速 平均流速（达西流速） 实际流速 流体 地下水，水−岩作用体系 地下水、非水相液体（nonaqueous phase liquids，NAPLs），固−液−气多相体系 水文地球化学环境 天然条件 存在酸、碱、有机自由相等极端条件 地层参数 平均化 高分辨率刻画，避免平均化 
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表 2 区域尺度与场地尺度地下水污染模型工作的差异
Table 2. Differences in groundwater pollution model work between regional and site scales
内容 区域尺度水文地质模型 污染场地尺度水文地质模型 模拟区域 含水层系统或水文地质单元 污染范围/厂区 边界条件 地质单元的边界，河流，断层等 无物理意义上的边界 模拟预测时间 年、季 天、小时 模型输入资料 区域性（分区）、平均值 空间和时间上都尽量避免平均化 流体 地下水 地下水、NAPLs
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