Characteristics, types, main causes and development of high-position geohazard chains along the Jiali fault zone, Tibet, China
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摘要:
西藏嘉黎断裂带沿线高位链式地质灾害十分发育，多次在易贡藏布、帕隆藏布及雅鲁藏布江下游造成流域性灾害链破坏，如易贡高位滑坡灾害链、古乡高位泥石流灾害链、尖母普曲高位崩塌灾害链、米堆冰湖溃决灾害链等。本文基于实地调研，并结合前人资料，总结了嘉黎断裂带沿线高位链式地质灾害的成灾模式，认为其可划分为“高位崩滑-碎屑流-堵江-洪水灾害链”、“高位崩滑-堵江-洪水灾害链”、“高位泥石流-堵江-洪水灾害链”、“冰湖溃决灾害链”等4种类型。本文还从地质构造与地震、地貌与水系、冰川、气象等4个方面分析了高位链式地质灾害的孕灾条件，并对其成因及发展趋势进行了探讨，认为在当前条件下，随着全球变暖加剧和人类工程活动增强，嘉黎断裂带沿线高位链式地质灾害的发生将更加频繁。
Abstract:High-position geohazard chains are widely distributed along the Jiali fault zone, Tibet, China. They often induced severe flood disasters in the river basins of the Yigong Zangbu, Palong Zangbu, and the downstream of Yalu Zangbu, such as the famous Yigong, Guxiang, Jianmupuqu, and Midui high-position geohazard chains. Based on the field investigations and previously published data, these high-position geohazard chains are classified into 4 types: 1) high-position landslide-debris flow-dammed lake-flood, 2) high-position landslide-dammed lake-flood, 3) high-position debris flow-dammed lake-flood, 4) glacial lake outburst flood. The formation conditions of the high-position geohazard chains are analyzed from 4 aspects, that is 1) geological structures and earthquakes, 2) landscape and river system, 3) glacier, 4) meteorology. In the end, the main causes and development trends of these geohazard chains are discussed. We believe that the high-position geohazard chains would be more frequent along the Jiali fault zone, with the global warming and the enhancement of the human engineering activities.
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表 1 嘉黎断裂带沿线大型~特大型高位链式地质灾害事件[1-15]
Table 1. Catastrophic high-position geohazard chains along with the Jiali fault zone
序号 地质灾害名称 发生时间 堆积体规模/溃决库容/
（104 m3）威胁对象 1 然则日阿错冰湖溃决灾害链 2013年7月 1084～1559 溃决洪水涌入尼都藏布，造成238户1160人受灾，
并发生村民失踪2 金翁错冰湖溃决灾害链 2020年6月 700 溃决洪水涌入尼都藏布，威胁下游忠玉乡及附近村落，
因预警及时未造成人员伤亡3 培龙贡支高位泥石流-
堵江-洪水灾害链1983年7月、1984年7月～8月、1984年10月、1985年5月～6月 2073 堵塞帕隆藏布，1984年造成6名行人死亡，1985年造成
停于沟两岸的80辆大小汽车淹没4 易贡高位崩滑-碎屑流-
堵江-洪水灾害链2000年4月 30000 堵塞易贡藏布，两乡三厂（场）4000余人受灾，
雅鲁藏布江下游有5万人无家可归5 尖母普曲高位崩滑-碎屑流-
堵江-洪水灾害链2007年9月、2010年7月、2010年9月、2018年7月 76 堵塞帕隆藏布，2007年造成1人死亡、7人失踪、9人受伤 6 古乡高位泥石流-堵江-
洪水灾害链1953年9月，此后每年频发 1100 堵塞帕隆藏布，1953年造成140多人死亡 7 冬茹弄巴高位泥石流-
堵江-洪水灾害链1961年、1963年7月、1975年6月 15.5 堵塞玉璞藏布，威胁下游玉普乡、松宗镇10余个村庄 8 米堆冰湖溃决灾害链 1988年7月 542 溃决洪水形成泥石流堵塞帕隆藏布，
造成多个村庄损毁，5人死亡
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