The development characteristics of geological hazards in Gansu segment of the Yellow River basin
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摘要:
黄河流域甘肃段是甘肃省地质灾害最为集中的区域。截止2019年底，查明地质灾害点共12829处，占全省灾害总量的70.83%。按照水系分布划分，以渭河流域、泾河流域、黄河干流流域最为发育，其他水系次之。依据空间分布特征，划分为永登—靖远等北部泥石流灾害为主的区段、中部崩塌滑坡泥石流集中区段、南部崩塌滑坡泥石流为主的区段和玛曲—碌曲地质灾害轻微发育区段。依据时间分布特征，具有2—5月冻融期、7—9月主汛期两个高发时段。地质灾害具有小灾巨损、群发巨损和链式巨损等致灾特征。单体灾害易形成巨大损失，降雨、地震引发的群发性地质灾害往往损失巨大，同时崩滑流阻断河道形成的堰塞湖风险也常有发生。
Abstract:Gansu section of the Yellow River basin is the most concentrated area of geological disasters in Gansu Province. By the end of 2019, 12829 potential geological hazard points have been identified, accounting for 70.83% of the total number of disasters in Gansu Province. According to the distribution characteristics of water system, Weihe River basin, Jinghe River basin and the Yellow River basin are the most developed, followed by other water systems. According to the spatial distribution characteristics, it can be divided into three sections: the northern Yongdeng—Jingyuan debris flow area, the central and northern landslide debris flow concentrated section, the central and southern collapse landslide debris flow section, and the southern Maqu—Luqu geological disaster development section. In terms of time distribution, there are two high frequency periods: freezing and thawing period from February to May and main flood season from July to September. Geological disasters have the characteristics of small disaster and huge loss, mass damage and chain type huge loss. Single disaster is easy to form huge loss. The mass geological disaster caused by rainfall and earthquake often causes huge loss. At the same time, the risk of dammed lake formed by landslide flow blocking river channel often occurs.
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表 1 黄河流域不同水系地质灾害分布数量一览表
Table 1. List of distribution quantity of geological hazards in different water systems in the Yellow River basin
水系名称 滑坡 崩塌 泥石流 地裂缝 地面塌陷 合计 湟水河流域 187 29 71 0 6 293 黄河干流流域 1952 300 565 87 19 2923 洮河流域 1444 87 910 0 3 2444 渭河流域 2676 239 1004 8 3 3930 泾河流域 2493 188 382 81 21 3165 北洛河流域 55 8 11 0 0 74 合计 8807 851 2943 176 52 12829 
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表 2 黄河流域不同水系地质灾害人员伤亡及经济损失一览表
Table 2. List of casualties and property losses caused by geological disasters in different water systems in the Yellow River basin
水系名称 受灾人口/人 人员伤亡/人 直接经济损失/万元 黄河干流流域 1131 21 7718.34 洮河流域 5889 11 24442.00 渭河流域 294747 60 419777.20 泾河流域 4448 16 17337.70 合计 306215 108 469275.24
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表 3 地震引发崩塌、滑坡数量表
Table 3. Quantity of collapse and landslide caused by earthquake
名称 震级 烈度 区域 引发加剧灾害 海原地震 8.0 6～11 陇东南区域 大型657滑坡处，中小型上万处 漳县岷县地震 6.6 6～8 岷县漳县 289处滑坡，崩塌1000多处 临洮地震 4.5 6 临洮辛店镇 通渭地震 5.5 6～7 通渭县一带 大于500 m3的滑坡337处 永登祁山地震 5.9 6～7 永登景泰 大小黄土滑坡150多处
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表 4 黄河流域甘肃段不同水系地质灾害点面积比统计表
Table 4. Statistical table of area ratio of geological hazard of different water systems in Gansu section of the Yellow River basin
水系 滑坡 崩塌 泥石流 地裂缝 地面塌陷 总面积比/
（10−3个·km−2）渭河水系 102.77 9.18 38.55 0.31 0.12 150.90 泾河水系 80.53 6.07 12.33 2.62 0.68 102.19 洮河水系 59.8 3.61 37.71 0 0.12 101.28 湟水河水系 49.31 7.65 18.74 0 1.58 77.33 黄河干流水系 35.36 5.43 10.23 1.58 0.34 52.94 北洛河水系 24.13 3.51 4.83 0 0 32.47
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