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摘要:
黄土潜蚀指地表水沿黄土大孔隙、节理裂隙等优势渗流通道饱水入渗时对黄土产生的渗透潜蚀、冲刷搬运及浸水湿陷作用。黄土由于水敏性、结构面发育、优势渗流等特点，导致黄土地区潜蚀广泛发育，且黄土潜蚀具有显著的致灾效应，使得潜蚀诱发的黄土地质灾害的成因机理及防治研究愈发复杂。文章首先梳理了黄土潜蚀的基本概念，在总结黄土潜蚀主控因素的基础上，阐述了黄土潜蚀的成因机理，延伸了黄土潜蚀致灾效应的基本内涵。最后根据黄土潜蚀研究现状，对未来黄土潜蚀研究作了简要展望，指出今后需更加重视黄土潜蚀在黄土地质灾害链中关键链接作用方面的研究。文章针对黄土地区潜蚀研究中若干问题的初步思考，旨在为后续的黄土潜蚀致灾效应研究提供科学建议。
Abstract:Loess subsurface-erosion refers to the erosion, transport and subsidence of loess caused by surface water infiltration along the dominant seepage channels such as loess macropore joints and fissures. Due to the characteristics of water sensitivity, structural surface development, dominant seepage, etc., loess subsurface-erosion has developed extensively in the loess area, and loess subsurface-erosion has a significant disaster effect, making the mechanism and prevention of loess disasters induced by erosion more complicated. This article first combed the basic concepts of loess subsurface-erosion, based on summarizing the main controlling factors of loess subsurface-erosion, expounded the formation mechanism of loess subsurface-erosion, and expanded the basic connotation of loess subsurface-erosion disaster effect. Finally, according to the current research status of loess submergence, a brief prospect is made for the future research of loess subsurface-erosion, and it is pointed out that more attention should be paid to the research on the key linking role of loess subsurface erosion in the loess disaster chain. This article focuses on the preliminary thinking of several problems in the study of loess subsurface-erosion, and aims to provide scientific suggestions for the subsequent study of loess subsurface-erosion hazard effects.
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表 1 黄土优势渗流通道分类及特征表
Table 1. Classification and characteristic table of dominant seepage channels in loess
作者 分类依据 类别 渗流特征 卢全中等[58] 闭合状态、水在裂隙
中的渗透运移闭合结构面 水在裂隙中渗透的速度与两侧土体中接近，此时土体可视为连续介质或不均匀连续介质 裂开结构面 水在裂缝中渗漏，可视为不连续介质，但在压力作用下两侧土体可相互影响 张开结构面 将两侧黄土分成互不影响的两部分，水在裂缝中可以自由流动，此时水对土体产生侵蚀，
对土体的性质起着决定性作用张珊珊等[59,60] 水分入渗规律 Ⅰ类优势渗流通道 微小节理（裂隙）、孔隙类，由于水分快速运移的通道不发育，所以水分在这类优势通道中
基本呈现出均匀入渗的模式Ⅱ类优势渗流通道 中宽节理（裂隙）、大孔隙及近地表微小洞穴类，这类优势通道为黄土体中的水分运移
发挥着重要作用，水分运移呈现出快速入渗的模式Ⅲ类优势渗流通道 宽大节理（裂隙）及黄土洞穴类，这类优势通道发育及其明显，尤其是对于落水洞而言，
容易形成水分汇集区并呈现出灌入渗透的模式彭建兵等[18] 微细宏观
不同尺度微观尺度通道 黄土中的大孔隙，表现为均匀入渗 细观尺度通道 具有强渗透性的节理裂隙、断层以及黄土中的虫孔、根孔，具有优势渗流特性 宏观尺度通道 水可以自由出入的、开放性的裂缝和落水洞 张宇[42] 湿润锋迁移形态、
深度和宽度小张开度
（0 mm<a<1.50 mm）由于节理壁面的水—土互馈作用，导致裂隙壁面细颗粒随水流运移，最终堵塞节理，
演变成特殊的大孔隙流中等张开度
（1.50 mm≤a≤2.50 mm）处于小开度和大开度之间 大张开度
（a>2.50 mm）水流会直接穿过裂隙铅直入渗，几乎不与裂隙面发生作用 
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