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摘要:
肯尼亚裂谷位于东非大裂谷东支中段，现代构造运动以及火山活动强烈，是当今地学研究的热点地区。裂谷区因其独特的地质构造背景、岩土体特性以及气象水文条件，使得地裂缝灾害较为发育。文章以肯尼亚裂谷地裂缝为研究对象，利用资料收集、野外调查、槽探、钻探和室内土工试验等研究手段，对研究区的地质环境背景、地裂缝平剖面结构特征进行研究。裂谷拉张和火山活动等内动力地质作用是该区域地裂缝形成的控制因素，浅表部松散易潜蚀的土体是地裂缝形成的物质基础，强降雨为地裂缝的形成提供了水力条件，“软硬软”的地层结构为水力侵蚀物质提供了有利的堆积场所。将肯尼亚裂谷区地裂缝的形成演化过程分为3个阶段：孕育阶段、扩展阶段和成灾阶段。
Abstract:The Kenya Rift valley is located in the middle section of the eastern branch of the Great Rift valley in East Africa. Modern tectonic movement and volcanic activity are intense, and it is a hotspot in current geological research.The rift zone has developed ground fissure disasters due to its unique geological structure background, rock and soil characteristics, and meteorological and hydrological conditions. In this paper, we have studied the geological environment background, plane characteristics and shallow section structure characteristics of ground fissures in rift valley area through data collection, detailed field geological surveytrenching, drilling and indoor geotechnical tests. Internal dynamic geological processes such as rift extension and volcanic activity are the controlling factors for the formation of ground fissures in this area; the loose and easily eroded soil on the shallow surface is the material basis for the formation of ground fissures; strong rainfall provides hydraulic power for the formation of ground fissure Conditions: The "soft-hard-soft" stratum structure provides a favorable accumulation place for water-erosive substances. Finally, we divide the formation and evolution process of ground fissures in the Kenya Rift Valley into three stages, the incubation stage, the expansion stage and the disaster stage.
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Key words:
- Kenya Rift valley /
- ground fissures /
- flat profile characteristics /
- undercutting /
- genetic mechanism
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表 1 地裂缝分布状况
Table 1. Distribution of ground fissures
地裂缝编号 走向/(°) 长度/m 主要特征 DL01 22 758 宽8 m，深4.5～5 m，平面呈直线状，底部可见明显水流冲刷痕迹，地层水平，未见明显位错 DL02 355 2000 宽5 m，深6.6 m，地表为直线状出露 DL03 357 1900 宽6 m，深4.8 m，地表为直线状出露 DL04 175 306 宽1.6～5 m，深2.7 m，地表为直线状出露 DL05 288 393 最宽处达12 m，深1.2 m，地表为直线状出露 DL06 181 1200 宽8.4 m，深6.8 m，与B3公路相交，地表为直线状出露 DL07 63 950 宽10～15 m，深5.4 m，线性延伸较好，侧壁垂直，冲刷强烈 DL08 327 665 直线延伸，在平面上与DL007在平面垂直相交 DL09 35 375 宽4～6 m，平面形态为直线状出露。 DL10 340 5000 出现时间为2018年3月13日傍晚，最大深度可达15 m，宽度约2～5 m DL11 255 947 宽2～4 m，侧壁垂直，地表为直线状出露 DL12 340 420 宽10～20 m，底部植被覆盖茂盛，地裂缝北端可观测到岩层出露 DL13 239 457 裂缝最北端存在一近圆形陷坑，宽3.7 m，深0.3～0.6 cm DL14 30 190 宽6 m，底部植被覆盖茂盛，地表为直线状出露 DL15 238 174 沿南东方向延伸，最终消失在田地里，两侧发育有落水洞，最深处1.5 m，植被发育茂盛 DL16 20 1400 雁列状展布，南段宽2～4 m，北段宽2～3 m，最深处1.5 m DL17 340 500 直线延伸，最深处1.5 m DL18 330 459 直线延伸，深度0.2 m左右，裂缝侧面发育一排小落水洞 DL19 343 1256 冲沟侧壁直立，现状宽2～5 m，深2～4 m DL20 340 1000 冲沟侧壁直立，现状宽4～5 m，深3～4 m DL21 350 1594 现状沟宽3～10 m，深2～3 m，直线延伸 
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