Analysis on ecological restored effect of Mu Us sandy land in northern Shaanxi
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摘要:
应用“3S”技术与土壤化学方法，对毛乌素沙地榆林市境内区域的沙质荒漠化土地进行了近45年来变化研究与生态修复效果分析，研究结果表明：研究区土地的沙质荒漠化强度以轻度、中度为主，治理方式以人工修复为主；1975—2019年沙质荒漠化的分布面积与强度呈现先快速发展而后逆转的变化特征。其中，1975—2007年沙质荒漠化的发展与过度放牧、荒地开垦及矿产资源开发等人类活动及强度密切相关。2007—2019年的逆转与生态调控政策及治理工程的实施密切相关。人工修复地区的土壤养分含量优于自然修复地区，在同等背景的自然修复条件下，不同成因的沙质荒漠化土地土壤养分含量有一定区别。采用人工修复与自然修复相结合的方式，以人工修复促进植被自然修复能力，是研究区有效的生态修复方式。
Abstract:The "3S" technology and soil chemical methods were used to study the change and ecological restored effect of sandy desertification land in Yulin City of Mu Us sandy land during the past 45 years. The results show that: the intensity of sandy desertification land in the study area was mainly mild and moderate, and the restored mode was mainly artificial restoration; the distributed area and the intensity of sandy desertification land from 1975 to 2019 showed the desertification developed rapidly and then deteriorated, the development of sandy desertification from 1975 to 2007 was closely related to human activities such as overgrazing, wasteland reclamation and mineral resources development, and the reversal from 2007 to 2019 was closely related to the implementation of ecological control policies and control projects; the soil nutrient content of the artificial restored area was better than the natural restored area, the different causes of sandy desertification land was very different under the same natural restored conditions; combined the artificial restored method and the natural restored method, artificial vegetation construction is proved to be a effective way to promote natural vegetation restoring and ecological restoration in the study area.
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Key words:
- sandy desertification land /
- remote sensing /
- soil nutrient /
- ecological restored
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表 1 研究区沙质荒漠化分级标准及遥感解译标志
Table 1. Classification standards and remote sensing interpretation marks of sandy desertification in the study area
沙质荒漠化
程度风积、风蚀地表形态
占该地面积/%植被覆盖度/% 地表景观综合特征 遥感解译标志 轻度
沙质荒漠化<10 50～30 风沙活动较明显，原生地表植被已开始被破坏，与沙生植被混杂分布，出现片状、点状沙地，多为固定的灌丛沙堆，农田适耕性下降 呈淡绿色、褐色色彩，具有白色、粉色斑点状影纹；不规则斑块状分布；内部纹理均一，植被覆盖度较高，与周边地物差异明显，边界清晰，解译标志清晰 中度
沙质荒漠化10～30 30～10 风沙活动频繁，原生地表破坏较大，半固定沙丘与滩地相间分布，丘间和滩地一般较开阔，多分布灌草结合的群落；耕地中有明显的风蚀洼地、残丘，地表植被稀少 呈淡绿色、褐色色彩，具有稀疏的白色斑片状影纹；不规则斑块状分布，内部沙丘形态明显；植被覆盖度不高，与周边地物色彩差异较明显，解译标志清晰 重度
沙质荒漠化≥30 ≤10 风沙活动强烈，密集的流动沙丘和风蚀地表，沙生植被稀少或基本没有植被生长 呈白色、粉色色彩，具白色波状或蜂窝状影纹；沙丘形态明显，流动性强，植被覆盖度较低或无植被覆盖；高大沙丘或沙丘链间具有斑点状绿色阴影，边界清晰可辨，解译标志清晰 
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表 2 研究区沙质荒漠化土地面积四期统计结果
Table 2. The statistical of sandy desertification land area in four periods
时间/年 轻度沙质
荒漠化/km2中度沙质
荒漠化/km2重度沙质
荒漠化/km2合计/km2 1975 2415.01 6559.23 4649.93 13624.17 2000 2617.75 6756.61 4821.57 14195.93 2007 2930.11 7267.51 4740.71 14938.33 2019 2423.31 3929.08 1855.88 8208.28
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表 3 研究区土壤养分测试结果
Table 3. Testing results of soil nutrients in the study area
样品编号 有机质含量/
（g·kg−1）全养分 沙化土地类型 采样点地貌、恢复治理方式 全N/
（g·kg−1）总P/
（g·kg−1）全K/
（g·kg−1）Y1 2.25 0.20 0.21 23.59 轻度 覆沙黄土丘陵区，人工修复 Y2 2.34 0.11 0.20 23.48 中度 覆沙黄土丘陵区，自然修复 Y3 3.39 0.13 0.21 23.78 重度 覆沙黄土丘陵区，自然修复 Y4 4.39 0.20 0.23 23.43 重度 覆沙黄土丘陵区，自然修复 Y5 12.8 0.47 0.53 20.72 耕地 黄土梁面，旱地，背景值 Y6 3.64 0.30 0.29 23.48 中度 覆沙黄土丘陵区，自然修复 Y7 4.94 0.15 0.35 22.56 轻度 覆沙黄土丘陵区，自然修复 Y8 7.27 0.37 0.34 21.71 轻度 风沙滩地区，人工修复 Y9 1.73 0.09 0.18 24.20 中度 风沙滩地区，人工修复 Y10 4.30 0.20 0.30 23.45 轻度 风沙滩地区，人工修复 Y11 3.90 0.11 0.25 22.93 重度 风沙滩地区，自然修复 Y12 4.40 0.17 0.21 23.64 中度 风沙滩地区，自然修复 Y13 4.21 0.22 0.22 23.55 耕地 风沙滩地区，背景值 Y14 2.11 0.11 0.22 24.06 轻度 风沙滩地区，自然修复 Y15 1.18 0.12 0.20 22.54 轻度 风沙滩地区，臭柏保护区，背景值 Y16 0.90 0.11 0.27 23.04 重度 风沙滩地区，自然修复 Y17 4.54 0.26 0.29 22.77 轻度 风沙滩地区，自然修复 Y18 1.62 0.09 0.22 23.28 中度 风沙滩地区，自然修复
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