Damage evaluation of control works against debris flow: A case study in Wenchuan area
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摘要:
泥石流岩土防治工程被广泛应用于泥石流灾害的治理，而工程的损毁程度会对工程的功能性产生一定的影响，并影响效益的持续发挥。文章以汶川为研究区域，选取18条泥石流沟的岩土防治工程作为研究对象，结合现场考察，对防治工程的损毁程度进行评价。评价指标体系总体上分为拦挡工程因子和排导工程因子2项，细化二级评价指标包括坝基损毁度、坝肩损毁度、坝体损毁度、基础冲刷度、结构冲击度、斜坡推力度等6项。运用模糊综合评价方法构建判断矩阵和隶属度函数，将损毁度等级划分为优、良、中、差四个等级。评价结果显示，除板子沟和登溪沟的防治工程损毁等级为差和中以外，其余泥石流沟内防治工程损毁等级均为良或优，且评价结果与现场考察一致。
Abstract:Geotechnical control engineering is widely used in the treatment of debris flow disasters, and the damage degree of the engineering will have a certain impact on the functionality of the engineering. It affects the continuous exertion of benefits. This paper selects geotechnical control engineering of 18 debris flow gullies in Wenchuan area as the research objects, combined with field investigation, the damage degree of control engineering was evaluated. The system of evaluation index is generally divided into two factors: check dam factor and drainage channel factor. The secondary evaluation indexes are refined, including the damage degree of dam foundation, the damage degree of dam abutment, the damage degree of dam body, scouring degree of foundation, structural impact degree and slope thrust degree. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to construct the judgment matrix and membership function, and the damage degree is divided into four grades: excellent, good, medium and poor. The evaluation results show that except for Banzi gully and Dengxi gully, the damage grades of other debris flow control engineering are good or excellent, and the evaluation results are consistent with the field investigation.
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表 1 研究区泥石流沟参数统计
Table 1. Parameter statistics of debris flow gully in study area
沟道编号 沟名 流域面积/km2 主沟长度/km 相对高差/m 沟床坡降/‰ 拦砂坝 有无排导槽 GD01 七盘沟 52.98 15.21 3401 202 1 有 GD02 板子沟 53.91 15.33 3955 257 1 无 GD03 登溪沟 43.72 13.73 3605 263 1 无 GD04 苏村沟 9.55 4.43 2253 509 3 无 GD05 簇头沟 21.41 8.53 2800 328 1 无 GD06 桃关沟 50.86 12.52 2906 232 2 有 GD07 彻底关沟 16.61 3.51 2376 432 1 无 GD08 银杏坪沟 7.02 4.46 1952 438 3 有 GD09 红椿沟 5.46 3.62 1285 356 3 有 GD10 幸福沟 33.40 10.48 2504 239 7 有 GD11 银厂沟 8.07 5.76 2600 451 1 无 GD12 牛圈沟 10.12 5.36 1838 282 2 有 GD13 麻溪沟 13.90 7.6 1877 266 3 无 GD14 谷基沟 28.97 9.91 2354 238 3 有 GD15 刘家沟 7.93 5.74 1392 243 3 有 GD16 牛塘沟 23.54 7.17 1544 215 4 有 GD17 椒木沟 11.99 5.41 1772 328 2 有 GD18 磨子沟 7.13 4.33 1608 371 5 无 
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表 2 拦挡工程损毁主控因素分类表
Table 2. Classification of main control factors for check dams
损毁主控
因素表现特征 损毁度 定量化取值 坝基
损毁坝基或护坦、副坝等受到泥石流、
洪水的侵蚀、冲刷作用，导致坝基出露、
悬空，使坝基发生倾倒变形等情况重度损毁 0～0.3 中度损毁 0.3～0.7 轻度损毁 0.7～1 坝肩
损毁坝肩斜坡坡脚处受洪水、
泥石流等的侵蚀、掏空作用，
使坝肩岩土体发生破坏重度损毁 0～0.3 中度损毁 0.3～0.7 轻度损毁 0.7～1 坝体
损毁拦挡坝坝体受泥石流块体的
冲击作用，导致坝体张裂、掉块、
局部损伤等破坏重度损毁 0～0.3 中度损毁 0.3～0.7 轻度损毁 0.7～1
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表 3 排导工程损毁主控因素分类表
Table 3. Classification of main control factors for drainage channel
损毁主控
因素表现特征 损毁度 定量化取值 基础
冲刷排导槽基础受到泥石流、洪水的侵蚀、
掏空，从而导致沟道内侵蚀严重或排导槽
基础部分悬空、结构发生倾倒等情况重度损毁 0～0.3 中度损毁 0.3～0.7 轻度损毁 0.7～1 结构
冲击排导槽结构受到泥石流中块石的冲击，
发生开裂、掉块的现象，表现为排导槽墙
体被砸坏、垮塌等，从而导致排导槽失效重度损毁 0～0.3 中度损毁 0.3～0.7 轻度损毁 0.7～1 斜坡
推力排导槽受到其背侧斜坡的
主动土压力作用，导致排导槽被
推挤变形破坏而失效的情况重度损毁 0～0.3 中度损毁 0.3～0.7 轻度损毁 0.7～1
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表 4 判断矩阵标度及其含义
Table 4. The scale of judgment matrix and its meaning
标度 含义 1 表示两个因素相比，具有相同的重要性 3 表示两个因素相比，一个因素较另一个因素略微重要 5 表示两个因素相比，一个因素较另一个因素明显重要 7 表示两个因素相比，一个因素较另一个因素强烈重要 9 表示两个因素相比，一个因素较另一个因素极端重要 注：2，4，6，8为上述两相邻判断的中间值， 
表示因素
与因素
的重要性之比，
与
之间的关系表示为
。
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表 5 平均随机一致性指标
Table 5. Average random consistency index
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 RI 0 0 0.52 0.89 1.12 1.24 1.36 1.41 1.46
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表 6 七盘沟防治工程损毁度计算表
Table 6. Calculation on damage degree of control engineering of Qipangou gully
工程类别 损毁因素 取值 优 良 中 差 权重 优 良 中 差 工程损毁度 拦挡工程 坝基损毁 0.90 1 0 0 0 0.297 1 0 0 0 0.88 坝肩损毁 0.95 1 0 0 0 0.164 坝体损毁 1.00 1 0 0 0 0.539 排导工程 基础冲刷 0.85 1 0 0 0 0.557 1 0 0 0 0.88 结构冲击 0.85 1 0 0 0 0.123 斜坡推力 1.00 1 0 0 0 0.32
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表 7 研究区防治工程损毁度评价表
Table 7. Evaluation of damage degree of control engineering in study area
沟道名称 拦挡工程损毁度 排导工程损毁度 工程损毁度 损毁等级 七盘沟 0.88 0.88 0.875 优 板子沟 0.13 − 0.125 差 登溪沟 0.29 − 0.287 中 苏村沟 0.62 − 0.619 良 簇头沟 0.53 − 0.527 良 桃关沟 0.80 0.30 0.628 良 彻底关沟 0.52 − 0.523 良 银杏坪沟 0.85 0.83 0.841 优 红椿沟 0.86 0.80 0.836 优 幸福沟 0.75 0.64 0.645 良 银厂沟 0.88 − 0.875 优 牛圈沟 0.88 0.43 0.726 良 麻溪沟 0.82 − 0.821 优 谷基沟 0.88 0.57 0.773 优 刘家沟 0.88 0.88 0.875 优 牛塘沟 0.88 0.54 0.765 优 椒木沟 0.88 0.37 0.706 良 磨子沟 0.88 − 0.875 优
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