Techniques of rotary hole-drilling for square anti-slide piles in complex formation and its application
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摘要:
为提高方形抗滑桩开挖成孔效率，研究适用于复杂条件岩质滑坡抗滑桩快速成孔的工艺，以成都东部某大型岩质滑坡101根大截面抗滑桩为对象，通过现场调查、理论分析及工程试验等方法，研究了方形抗滑桩工程成孔工艺、施工特征和不同地层成孔工艺适用体系。研究表明，研制的“旋挖钻孔+人工辅助清边”成孔工艺作业效率大大提高，在该抗滑桩工程中实施达到日平均进尺2.0 m高效率，顺利达到工期要求，进而解决了岩石成孔效率慢、工艺落后的问题；根据滑坡所处条件选择合适的施工工艺对抢险救灾工程至关重要，对于交通条件好、工期要求高的大型滑坡治理工程，优先考虑“旋挖钻孔+人工辅助清边”工艺；对于交通条件差、作业受限的小型滑坡治理工程，采用风镐开挖土体、水磨钻开挖岩石成孔工艺。
Abstract:To improve the hole-forming efficiency of square anti-slide pile excavation and study the rapid hole-forming technology suitable for rock landslides under complex conditions, this paper aims to study the hole-forming technology, the construction characteristics and the applicable system of hole-forming technology in different strata of square anti-slide piles by means of field investigation, theoretical analysis and engineering test.In this paper, a large rock landslide treatment project in eastern Chengdu with 101 large-section anti-slide piles is takens as the research object. The research shows that the new hole-forming technology of “rotary hole-drilling + manual excavation of the remaining earthwork” has greatly improved work efficiency and achieved a high efficiency of 2.0 m daily average footage in the anti-slide pile project. In the project, the new technology has successfully met the requirements of the construction period and solved the problem of slow hole-forming efficiency and backward technology. It is very important for disaster relief projects to choose the appropriate construction technology according to the conditions of landslides. For large-scale landslide treatment projects with good traffic conditions and high construction period requirements, the technology of “rotary hole-drilling + manual excavation of the remaining earthwork” is preferred. For small landslide treatment projects with poor traffic conditions and limited operation methods, we can use pneumatic picks to excavate the soil and use watermill drills to excavate the rock.
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表 1 旋挖钻开挖方形抗滑桩设计参数统计表
Table 1. Statistical table for design parameters of square anti-slide pile excavated by rotary drill
序号 桩径/m 护壁厚度/m 桩截面/m2 旋挖孔数/孔 旋挖截面/m2 旋挖面积占比/% 旋挖钻孔直径/m a 2.0×2.5 0.2 6.96 1 3.14 45.11 1个2.0 m钻孔 b 2.0×3.0 0.2 8.16 1 3.14 38.48 1个2.0 m钻孔 c 3.0×4.0 0.3 16.56 1 4.91 29.63 1个2.5 m钻孔 d 3.0×4.0 0.3 16.56 2 6.28 37.92 2个2.0 m钻孔 e 3.0×4.0 0.3 16.56 3 7.07 42.66 2个2.0 m、1个1.0 m钻孔 f 3.0×4.0 0.3 16.56 3 5.30 32.00 3个1.5 m钻孔 g 3.0×4.0 0.3 16.56 4 7.85 47.40 2个2.0 m、2个1.0 m钻孔 h 3.0×4.0 0.3 16.56 4 7.07 42.66 4个1.5 m钻孔 i 3.0×4.0 0.3 16.56 5 8.64 52.14 2个2.0 m、3个1.0 m钻孔 j 3.0×4.0 0.3 16.56 5 7.85 47.40 4个1.5 m、1个1.0 m钻孔 k 3.0×4.0 0.3 16.56 6 8.64 52.14 4个1.5 m、2个1.0 m钻孔 l 3.0×4.0 0.3 16.56 7 9.42 56.88 4个1.5 m、3个1.0 m钻孔 
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表 2 抗滑桩桩孔成孔施工工艺特征对比表
Table 2. The table of construction process characteristics of anti slide pile hole
施工工艺 典型桩
孔截面设备配置 劳动力/人 效率/（m·d−1） 费用/（元·m−3） 安全效益 吊装 凿岩 水磨钻 旋挖
操作工土层 软岩 孤石、
硬岩土方 岩石 传统人工
挖孔工艺2.0 m×3.0 m 铁锹、锄头、钢钎 1 2 — — 0.80 0.40 — 120～180 — 人员频繁上下井，受机械伤害、高空坠物、坠落的风险高 3.0 m×4.0 m 1 3 — — 0.60 0.30 — 风镐成孔
工艺2.0 m×3.0 m 4.5 m3空压机1台，
风镐2台1 2 — — 1.00 0.45 — 160～220 380～
450人员频繁上下井，受机械伤害、高空坠物、坠落的风险高 3.0 m×4.0 m 5. 0 m3空压机1台，
风镐3台1 3 — — 0.80 0.35 — 水磨钻
成孔工艺2.0 m×3.0 m 水磨钻机2台，4.5 m3空压机1台，风镐2台 1 2 2 — — — 0.90 — 420～
650人员频繁上下井，受机械伤害、高空坠物、触电、坠落的风险高 3.0 m×4.0 m 水磨钻机3台，4.5 m3空压机1台，风镐2台 1 2 3 — — — 0.60 旋挖钻孔+人工
辅助清边2.0 m×3.0 m 旋挖机1台，3.5 m3空压机1台，风镐1台 1 2 — 2 2.6 2.5 2.5 220～300 320～
465机械化程度高，人员不用频繁上下井，采取旋挖出渣，高空坠落、触电、机械伤害风险较低 3.0 m×4.0 m 旋挖机1台，5 m3空压机1台，风镐3台 1 3 — 2 2.2 2.0 2.0 注：以上费用测算基于地质灾害施工预算定额并结合项目现场实际测算；—表示未使用此种方法。
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表 3 非爆破开挖成孔工艺技术适用体系统计表
Table 3. Statistical table of applicable system for non-blasting excavation technology
序号 成孔技术 优势 缺点 适用条件 1 传统人工挖孔工艺 操作简单，对工人技术要求不高，易上手 1.效率低，劳动强度大；
2.仅适用在土方开挖1.适用于土质滑坡卵石土、碎石土等土层开挖；
2.交通条件差，偏远山区2 风镐开挖 设备轻便，井下受限空间作业灵活，操作简单、技术性不强 1.效率低，人工劳动强度大；
2.人工下井作业频繁，安全隐患大；
3.风镐钻进岩石粉尘大，对工人职业健康不利1.适用于交通条件差，大型设备无法进场，周围条件受限、作业空间受限的情况，例如偏远山区小型滑坡、管道、铁路等线状工程滑坡；
2.适合小截面方桩的土层、碎石土、强风化基岩开挖3 水磨钻
开挖1.设备轻便，机动灵活，操作简单；
2.适用岩层范围广，不同岩石硬度均可适用1.设备小、动力差、效率低，劳动强度大；
2.人工下井作业频繁，安全隐患大1.适用于适用于交通条件差，大型设备无法进场，周围条件受限、作业空间受限的情况，例如偏远山区小型滑坡、管道、铁路等线状工程滑坡；
2.适合小截面方桩硬度高的岩石开挖4 旋挖钻孔+人工辅助清边 1.设备动力大、机械化程度高、工人劳动强度降低、效率高；
2.人员不用频繁上下井，不用吊桶出渣，安全隐患降低1.设备操作复杂，需要专业机械队伍作业；
2.地理位置、交通条件要求高，能满足旋挖机进场到达孔位；
3.作业扰动大，对滑坡稳定要求高，需要实时监测动态施工大型滑坡的大截面深桩成孔作业，地理位置交通条件好，对工期要求高的抢险救灾工程
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