Precision calibration and suitability analysis of piezoelectric rain gauges for complex scenarios in geological hazard monitoring
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摘要:
降雨尤其是局地集中强降雨是诱发滑坡、泥石流等突发地质灾害的主要因素之一。据中国历史灾情统计，局地短时集中强降雨是泥石流的最主要诱发因素，同时降雨诱发型滑坡数量也约占滑坡总数的70%。目前，中国南方的春汛、梅汛提前和北方的秋汛延后，造成地质灾害数量增加、防范区域扩大、防御时段延长。因此开展雨量监测对滑坡、泥石流预警预报具有十分重要的意义。受野外监测场地地形地貌、植被和局地小气候等影响，雨量监测设备的精度、灵敏性、稳定性以及安装位置的科学性是精准预警预报的前提。文章基于翻斗式和压电式两种类型雨量计测定原理、技术参数、安装方法和运维方式的对比，开展室内模拟降雨环境和野外复杂场景试验，进行压电式雨量计精度测定及适宜性分析。结果表明：压电式雨量计误差范围在4%以内。在野外地质灾害监测复杂场景下，压电式雨量计无论是量程大小、测量精度，还是安装方式和后期维护，均较翻斗式雨量计更为适宜。
Abstract:Rainfall, especially local concentrated heavy rainfall, is one of the major factors triggering sudden geological hazards such as landslides and debris flow. According to historical disaster statistics in China, locally short-term concentrated heavy rainfall is the primary triggering factor for debris flows, accounting for approximately 70% of the total number of landslides. Recent alterations in seasonal rainfall patterns, with accelerated spring floods and plum rain in southern China, as well as delayed autumn rain in the northern regions, have led to an increase in geological disasters, expanded risk-prone areas, and prolonged risk management periods. Therefore, conducting rainfall monitoring is of great significance for landslides and debris flow early warning and prediction. To ensure precise early warnings and predictions, the accuracy, sensitivity, stability, and scientifically grounded installation of rainfall monitoring equipment are prerequisites. This study, comparing two types of rain gauges-- tipping bucket and piezoelectric—in terms of measurement principles, technical specifications, installation methods, and operational maintenance, conducted both indoor simulated rainfall experiments and field tests within complex scenes. The results reveal that the piezoelectric rain gauge maintains an error range within 4%. These findings highlight that in the context of complex geological hazard monitoring scenarios, the piezoelectric rain gauge proves more suitable than the tipping bucket rain gauge, regardless of measurement range, accuracy, installation, or post-installation maintenance considerations
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Key words:
- geological hazard /
- tipping bucket /
- piezoelectric ; rain gauge /
- accuracy measurement /
- error analysis
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表 1 压电式雨量计和翻斗式雨量计指标对比
Table 1. Comparison of indicators between piezoelectric rain gauges and tipping bucket rain gauges
序号 雨量计类型
比较项目压电式雨量计 翻斗式雨量计 1 技术参数 降雨量：测量范围0~8 mm/min；
分辨率：0.01 mm；
精度：±4%（日累计降雨量）；
测量降雨时长范围：监测到降雨后，
以10 s步进累计计算时长。降雨量：测量范围0~4 mm/min；
分辨率0.1 mm；
精度：±4%（日累计降雨量）；
测量范围：根据配置的数据采集器确定雨量累计计算时长，
步进时长不统一。2 安装方式 安装准备：即到即装，无需预制基座；
便携性：一体化整机，组件数量少、材质轻、质量小；
拆除、移位操作简便；
水平校正：电子自动校正；
安装阶段数据校准：出厂配置，无需校准；
安装用时：15 min。安装准备：预制水泥基座（约重0.3 t）；
便携性：由感应器和记录器构成，组件数量多，体积大，
质量大。废弃、拆除、移位费时费力；
水平校正：人工现场调整；
安装阶段数据校准：人工现场校准；
安装用时：3 d。3 运维方式 清洁清理：承雨面板采用弧面设计；特氟龙抗污防黏涂层；
不堵不黏、降雨过程即清洁过程；
水平校正：隐患点随机出现倾斜，电子自动校正；
运维阶段数据校准：无机械老化、无需校准。清洁清理：定期现场清理下水过滤网；
秋、冬季适当提高维护频次；
水平校正：隐患点随机出现倾斜，需人工现场校正；
运维阶段数据校准：易出现翻斗轴承进灰、翻转不灵敏等
机械老化现象，导致采集数据偏小，需定期人工现场校准。
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表 2 测试点1数据
Table 2. Test point 1
降雨
场次量筒1实测
/mm监测设备 上报数据1
/mm上报数据2
/mm上报数据3
/mm上报数据4
/mm上报数据5
/mm累计雨量数据与
量筒实测误差上报数据离散系数
（标准差/平均值）/%1 24 压电式雨量计1 5.01 4.78 4.87 4.85 4.90 24.40 （+1.7%） 1.6 翻斗式雨量计1 6.30 6.40 6.40 6.50 6.40 32 （+33.3%） 1.0 2 28 压电雨量计1 5.53 5.78 5.53 5.53 5.71 28.08 （+0.2%） 1.9 翻斗式雨量计1 6.20 6.20 6.40 6.20 6.20 31.2 （+11.4%） 1.3
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表 3 测试点2数据
Table 3. Test point 2
降雨
场次量筒2实测
/mm监测设备 上报数据1
/mm上报数据2
/mm上报数据3
/mm上报数据4
/mm上报数据5
/mm累计雨量数据与
量筒实测误差上报数据离散系数
（标准差/平均值）/%1 27 压电雨量计2 5.52 5.70 5.65 5.51 5.70 28.08（+3.9%） 1.5 翻斗式雨量计2 5.30 5.30 5.00 5.00 5.00 26.70（−1.1%） 6.3 2 27 压电雨量计2 5.65 5.46 5.40 5.32 5.35. 27.18（+0.6%） 2.2 翻斗式雨量计2 6.20 6.30 6.20 6.00 6.00 30.07（+11.1%） 2.0
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表 4 采集记录表
Table 4. Data collection record table
序号 采集时间 量筒雨量
/mm压电式雨量
计雨量/mm相对
误差/%1 6月5日14:00—6月15日9:00 225 230.48 2.4 2 6月28日21:00—6月29日11:00 178 178.65 0.4
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