Methods of single mineral separation for sediments of the Changjiang estuary, the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea
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摘要:
沉积物碎屑矿物组分既受物源控制，又受水动力影响，单矿物分选应首先选取适当的粒级，细砂粒级经常采用，但不是固定在这一粒级; 控制重液密度是重液分选的关键环节，不同目标矿物，可通过调配不同的比重液进行分离分选，并可使用离心重液法提高分选效能; 磁选是分选不同磁性特征矿物的简单便捷方法，钕铁硼强磁铁的使用，可部分代替电磁分选仪的功能，对样品量少、矿物种类多、磁性变化大地矿物组合可起到重要的分组作用; 化学分选采用不同浓度的各种溶剂在不同条件下处理试样，有选择性地溶掉妨碍矿物，留下目标矿物; 手工分选单矿物重点在于剔除其他方法难以分离的杂质，保障样品的纯度和代表性; 角闪石和石英分选流程，代表着单矿物分选的基本技术路线，不同方法合理的前后衔接，使单矿物分选高效、快捷、准确，但还有一些矿物分选难题尚未解决，需要深入研究和实践。
Abstract:Single Clastic minerals are commonly used for detecting provenance and water dynamics. Fine sands are the best for the study as such and thus required to be separated from the others although very fine sands are also convenient for the purpose. Mineral separation in heavy liquid is a common practice for single mineral separation, of which the key is to select the heavy liquid properly. Different target minerals can be separated and selected by blending specific gravity liquids together, and the separation efficiency can be improved by centrifugal separation. Magnetic separation is a simple and convenient method popularly used for sorting out different magnetic minerals. Nd2Fe14B permanent magnet may partly replace the function of an electromagnetic sorter, specifically for the samples in small volume, consisting of multiple minerals with changing magnetism. Chemical separation uses various solvents in different concentration to treat the samples under specific conditions, in order to dissolve obstructive minerals and keep target minerals. Manual separation is required if it is difficult to remove impurities by other methods. The separation of amphibole and quartz represents the basic procedure for single mineral separation, and the different methods are adopted in order to make mineral separation more efficient, fast and accurate. Of course, there are still some problems remained in mineral sorting and further studies are needed.
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表 1 常用重液种类和特性
Table 1. Common heavy liquids and their properties
重液名称 化学成分 密度 颜色 异味 挥发性 黏性 毒性 稀释剂 洗涤液 三溴甲烷 CHBr3 2.89 无色 有 较大 很小 有 二甲基亚砜/无水乙醇 工业酒精 四溴乙炔 C2H2Br4 2.97 无色 有 较大 小 有 无水乙醇 工业酒精 多钨酸钠 Na6 [W12 (O H)2 O38] 3.1 无色 无 小 较大 无 水 水 杜列液 HgI2+KI 3.17 黄色 无 小 大 有 水 水 二碘甲烷 CH2I2 3.32 无色 有 较小 较小 有 二甲基亚砜 乙醚 碘化银钡汞 HgI2+BaI2+AgI 3.5 黄色 无 小 较大 有 水 水 克列里奇液 CH2(COOTl)2+ HCOOTl 4.2 褐色 无 小 较大 有 水 水 
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表 2 几组常见矿物对组合重液分选所使用的调配重液密度
Table 2. The specific gravity of some blended heavy liquids
矿物对组合 重液密度 基础重液 稀释剂 分离方法 单矿物产品 斜长石+石英 2.60~2.65 三溴甲烷 二甲基亚砜 离心法 上浮斜长石，下沉石英 石英+方解石 2.68~2.70 三溴甲烷 二甲基亚砜 离心法 上浮石英，下沉方解石 白云母+黑云母 3.0~3.1 二碘甲烷/杜列液 二甲基亚砜/蒸馏水 自然沉降/离心法 上浮白云母，下沉黑云母 黑云母+角闪石 3.10~3.15 二碘甲烷/杜列液 二甲基亚砜/蒸馏水 自然沉降/离心法 上浮黑云母，下沉角闪石 角闪石+绿帘石 3.32 二碘甲烷 自然沉降/离心法 上浮角闪石，下沉绿帘石 绿帘石+石榴子石+锆石+金红石 3.40~3.45 二碘甲烷+单质碘或用碘化银钡汞液 自然沉降/离心法 上浮绿帘石，下沉石榴子石+锆石+金红石
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表 3 长江口沉积物角闪石单矿物分选流程
Table 3. The single mineral separation of detrital amphibole from the Changjiang estuary sediments
步序 试样 方法 产品 实验说明 ① 沉积物原样 水筛分样 广粒级(1~5Φ)
或细砂(2~3Φ)
极细砂(3~4Φ)根据需要选择粒级，碎屑矿物鉴定分析一般用3~4Φ，分选单矿物可用广粒级，但过粗、过细可舍弃 ② 极细砂(3~4Φ) 重液分选，CHBr3，密度d =2.89 轻矿物组(Lm)
重矿物组(Hm)试样倒入重液后，搅拌3次，间隔15min，静置8h，收样，冲洗，烘干，称重，鉴定 ③ 重矿物组(Hm) 普通磁铁磁选
钕铁硼强磁铁磁选
或电磁仪分级磁选磁铁矿组(M+)
钛铁矿组(Il+)
角闪石粗矿(Am1)
无磁矿物组(Nm)Nm组主要由锆石、磷灰石、石榴石、黝帘石、透闪石等浅色-无色矿物组成，再经过CH2I2重液分选，下沉产品中锆石、金红石、萤石、榍石、磷钇矿、独居石、重晶石等含量会大幅度提高，再进一步重液分选(采用高密度重液)或直接镜下手选就可获得所需单矿物 ④ 角闪石粗矿(Am1) 重液分选，CH2I2，密度d =3.32 角闪石细矿(Am2)
绿帘石钛铁矿组(EI)绿帘钛铁组(EI)中以绿帘石为主，钛铁矿次之，在CH2I2中放入饱和单质碘或用碘化银钡汞重液来分离此组，上浮产品主要为绿帘石 ⑤ 角闪石细矿(Am2) 化学分选，HCl(10%~15%)+SnCl2(少许)热水浴 角闪石精矿(Am3) 化学选择性溶解，去除褐铁矿、赤铁矿 ⑥ 角闪石精矿(Am3) 电磁选 普通角闪石组(Hb1)
阳起石组(Act)
黑云母组(Bi)若黑云母较多，调配重液分选，d=3.10，上浮产品为黑云母，下沉产品是角闪石 ⑦ 普通角闪石组(Hb1) 双目镜下手工挑选 普通角闪石精选矿(>95%) 镜下去除绿帘石、电气石、黑云母、岩屑等少量杂质矿物
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表 4 长江口沉积物石英单矿物分选流程
Table 4. The separation process of quartz single minerals in the sediments of the Changjiang River estuary
步序 试样 方法 产品 实验说明 ① 沉积物原样 水筛分样 广粒级(1~5Φ)
或细砂(2~3Φ)
极细砂(3~4Φ)根据需要选择粒级，碎屑矿物鉴定分析一般用3~4Φ，分选单矿物可用广粒级，但过粗、过细可舍弃 ② 极细砂
(3~4Φ)重液分选，CHBr3，密度d =2.89 轻矿物组(Lm)
重矿物组(Hm)试样倒入重液后，搅拌3次，间隔15min，静置8h，收样，冲洗，烘干，称重，鉴定 ③ 轻矿物组(Lm) 磁选 无磁轻矿物组(Lm′)
云母+杂质岩屑用电磁仪或强磁铁磁选，分离开磁性矿物和无磁性矿物 ④ 无磁轻矿物组(Lm′) 调配重液分选，d =2.68，离心冷冻 长英质矿物(FQ)
方解石组(Cal)若不要方解石，可加10%盐酸浸泡，同时可溶掉轻矿物上的铁锈 ⑤ 长英质矿物(FQ) 调配重液分选，d =2.60，离心冷冻 长石组(F+)
石英组(Q+)或用文中描述的焦硫酸钾熔蚀法溶解掉长石 ⑥ 石英组(Q+) 双目镜下手工挑选 石英精选矿(>95%) 镜下去除残留的长石、岩屑、生物碎屑等
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