Mineralogy and geochemisry of ferromanganese crusts from Guanshi Seamount in the eastern South China Sea
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摘要:
对于开阔大洋海山结壳的矿物组成和地球化学特征研究已经比较深入，但对边缘海海山铁锰结壳的研究却较少。以在南海东部管事海山上采集的两块铁锰结壳为研究材料，对其进行了X射线衍射、扫描电镜及电子探针微区的分析，结果显示结壳矿物以水羟锰矿为主，含有少量针铁矿，碎屑矿物主要是石英和长石。结壳的显微结构呈现条带状分布，有10~15μm长的空隙和0.5μm直径大小的孔洞。相对于大洋结壳，结壳的Mn含量较高，与马尼拉海沟附近火山喷发物质有关，但Cu、Co和Ni含量更低，可能与边缘海沉积速率高或有机络合物吸附有关。矿物组成及元素比值表明结壳主要是水成的，但未发生明显磷酸盐化作用。元素比值和相关性表明，Mn主要来源于南海扩张停止后火山喷发、玄武岩风化形成溶解Mn；Fe与Si元素均来自火山碎屑、生源物质和陆源物质，还受到管状蠕虫吸附的影响。南海管事海山结壳是在富氧环境中上升流作用下选择性吸附水体中溶解化学元素缓慢沉积而成。结壳中元素含量随时间变化趋势反映了南海的古环境变化。
Abstract:Although the mineral composition and geochemistry of ferromanganese crusts in the open ocean are well understood to researchers, those on seamounts in a marginal sea remains little known. In this study, two ferromanganese crust samples are collected from the Guanshi seamount located in the eastern South China Sea (SCS). We analyzed the mineral composition, microstructures, and major elements contents of the ferromanganese crusts, by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and electron microprobe, respectively. Both of the two ferromanganese crusts are dominated by vernadite with a small amount of geothite, while the detrital minerals dominated by quartz and feldspar. The two crusts are all striped in microstructure, with pores of 10-15 μm and holes of 0.5 μm in diameters. Compared with those from the open ocean, the crusts from Guanshi seamount is higher in Mn, due to the volcanic eruption near the Manila Trench, and lower in Cu, Co and Ni contents due to the higher deposition rate and higher adsorption of organic complex in the South China Sea. Mineral composition and element ratios indicate that the two crusts are both hydrogenetic, without obvious phosphatization. The element ratios and correlation of elements show that Mn mainly deposited from the dissolved Mn supplied by volcanic eruption and the weathering of basalt formed in the post-spreading stage of the South China Sea. Fe and Si elements are both derived from volcanic, biogenic and terrestrial materials, and also affected by the adsorption of tubular worms. Two crusts from the Guanshi seamount in the South China Sea are formed by the slow accumulation of dissolved chemical elements of seawater affected by upwelling under an oxygen enriched environment. The temporal variations of element contents in the ferromanganese crusts reflect paleoenvironmental evolution history of the South China Sea.
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表 1 全球大洋和海域结壳的Mn, Fe, Cu, Co和Ni百分含量
Table 1. Compiled chemical composition of crusts from selected areas of the global ocean
% 元素含量 Mn Fe Co Ni Cu 来源 南海 管事海山 31.8 16.8 0.09 0.10 0.07 本文 西太平洋 麦哲伦海山 20.1 16.3 0.68 0.34 0.15 [26] 西太平洋 马尔库斯－威克海山 19 16.5 0.64 0.39 0.09 [26] 中太平洋 YJC海山新结壳 28.9 15.4 0.91 0.67 0.07 [27] 北太平洋 最好的结壳带 22.8 16.9 0.67 0.42 0.1 [2] 南太平洋 结壳区 21.7 18.1 0.62 0.46 0.11 [2] 加利福尼亚边缘海 海山区 19.5 23.8 0.31 0.23 0.04 [17] 大西洋 14.5 20.9 0.36 0.26 0.09 [2] 印度洋 17 22.3 0.33 0.26 0.11 [2] 
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表 2 结壳中元素间相关性
Table 2. Correlation of chemical elements of Fe-Mn crusts from Guanshi seamount
K Na Mn Ca Mg Fe Al P Si Cu Ni Co K 1 Na 0.262 1 Mn 0.384 0.163 1 Ca -0.097 0.392 0.518* 1 Mg -0.038 0.236 0.307 0.301 1 Fe -0.167 0.321 -0.579** -0.065 0.281 1 Al 0.344 0.124 0.273 -0.021 0.365 -0.059 1 P 0.314 -0.177 0.569* 0.182 0.178 -0.251 0.244 1 Si -0.225 0.294 -0.549* -0.092 0.418 0.940** 0.048 -0.311 1 Cu 0.120 0.001 0.327 0.218 0.156 -0.261 -0.198 -0.014 -0.290 1 Ni 0.204 0.172 0.529* 0.065 0.326 -0.310 0.492* 0.339 -0.237 -0.117 1 Co 0.501* 0.144 0.043 -0.289 -0.058 0.032 -0.019 0.147 0.084 -0.312 0.003 1 注：*在0.05水平(双侧)上显著相关, **在0.01水平(双侧)上显著相关, N=19。
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