Orogenic events in Southern South China Sea and their relationship with the subduction of the Proto South China Sea
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摘要:
古南海的展布范围以及俯冲消亡过程等一直是地质学家们争论的焦点问题。这不仅与南海扩张诱因密切相关，而且对南海地球动力学研究有重大的指导意义。在研究前人文献的基础上，对南海南部造山运动以及古南海俯冲过程之间的关系进行详细的论述。结果表明，南海南部构造活动主要分为两期：第一期运动从早白垩纪到晚白垩纪，古太平洋的洋壳俯冲到婆罗洲岛下方，俯冲带位于现今卢帕尔线一带，引起了曾母-南沙地块不断向西南婆罗洲靠近，并于晚白垩纪引发了碰撞造山运动。由于婆罗洲自身是由众多地块拼合而成，所以在始新世期间发生了多期碰撞之后的地块变形重组事件。最终在晚始新世（37 Ma）完成最后一期变形（沙捞越运动）。第二阶段是晚始新世（35 Ma）到中中新世（15.5 Ma），位于西巴拉姆线以东至菲律宾卡加延一带的古南海从西巴拉姆线以东，向婆罗洲岛下方俯冲，随后扩散到沙巴以及巴拉望岛以南的地区，直至菲律宾的民都洛岛一带停止俯冲。由此产生的拖曳力是南海扩张的主要诱因。与古太平洋板块俯冲产生的效果相似，古南海的俯冲使得婆罗洲岛与南沙地块不断靠近。在中中新世（15.5 Ma）,引起南沙地块与婆罗洲岛在沙巴地区的碰撞（沙巴造山）以及巴拉望北部陆壳与菲律宾岛弧的碰撞而停止。由此带来的不整合面在南海南部普遍可见，甚至到达了巴拉望岛一带。而现今南沙海槽与巴拉望海槽并非是俯冲带的前渊，前者是对沙巴新近纪增生楔重力驱动变形的响应，后者是巴拉望岛北侧伸展背景下产生的半地堑盆地，在后期增生楔的作用下发生强烈沉降所形成。真正的俯冲带则分别位于南沙海槽东南部以及巴拉望海槽东南部。据现有证据推测，最少在10 Ma之前古南海就在菲律宾民都洛一带停止俯冲，从而完成了整个古南海的封闭。
Abstract:The original location of the Proto South China Sea and the processes related to its subduction and termination have remained under debates, and no consensus has been reached up to date. It is not only closely related to the expansion of the South China Sea, but also significant to the study of the geodynamics of the region. After a thorough review of previous literatures, this paper is devoted to the orogenic processes and their bearing on the subduction of the Proto South China Sea. The results show that the tectonic activities in the Southern South China Sea could be divided into two phases. The first phase of the activities happened from Early Cretaceous to Late Cretaceous , while the oceanic crust of the Paleao-Pacific subducted below the island of Borneo. The subduction zone was located along the current Lupal line, which caused the Zengmu-Nansha block to move towards the southwestern Borneo. It was closed in Late Cretaceous by a collision orogeny. Since Borneo itself is composed of many blocks and suffered multiple collisions during the period of Eocene, there were the deformation and reorganization of blocks after collision. Eventually, the final phase of the deformation (i.e. the Sarawak Movement) was completed in Late Eocene (37 Ma). The second phase of movement was from Late Eocene (35 Ma) to Middle Miocene (15.5 Ma). The Proto South China Sea from east of the West Baram Line to Cagayan of Philippines, was subducting eastward from the West Baram Line towards the island of Borneo. It swooped and then spread to Sabah and the area to the south of Palawan and stopped at the Mindoro Island, the Philippines. The resulting drag force was driving the expansion of the South China Sea. Similar to the effect of the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific plate, the subduction of the Proto South China Sea triggered the closure of the sea between the Borneo Island and the Nansha block in Middle Miocene (15.5 Ma), causing the collision between the Nansha block and the Borneo island in Sabah (i.e. the Saba orogen) and the collision between the Palawan micro-continent and the Philippine island arc (i.e. the Palawan collision). The unconformities are widely distributed in this region as the product of this subduction process in the Southern South China Sea. They can also be observed on the Palawan Island. Nowadays, the Nansha Trough and the Palawan Trough are no longer regarded as the foreland of the subduction zone. The former is the tectonic response to the gravity-driven deformation of the Sabah Neogene sedimentary wedge, while the latter is the collision forefront generated by the southern South China Sea. Strong subsidence occurs under the action of late accretion wedges. The real subduction zones are located respectively in the southeast of the Nansha Trough and in the southeast of the Palawan Trough. There is evidence supporting the hypothesis that subduction process of Proto South China Sea ceased about 10 Ma ago in the Mindanao of the Philippines, thus closed the entire Paleo-South China Sea.
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Key words:
- Proto South China Sea subduction /
- orogenic movements /
- Nansha Block /
- Borneo /
- Palawan. /
- Southern South China Sea
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