Study of the Caroline plate: Initial subduction, initial spreading and fluid-solid interaction
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摘要:
西太平洋具有全球最活跃的板块构造与海陆相互作用过程，西太平洋的卡罗琳（Caroline）海盆形成于特提斯海与太平洋之间，处于印尼海道的咽喉区域，海盆范围正好对应了西太平洋暖池的大部分海域。其内部地形复杂，具有特征的隆起和残留洋中脊，而周围具有年轻活跃的俯冲带和洋中脊，并且与菲律宾海、太平洋、Ontong-Java大火成岩省、众多深海沟等相互作用，是研究俯冲带和洋中脊初始形成机理与动力学以及固体地球与海水相互作用的理想场所。过去对Caroline海盆的研究主要是美国和日本科学家在20世纪70—80年代完成的，在很多构造单元的成因和属性的解释上存在很大争议，很少涉及多圈层相互作用方面的研究。国家自然科学基金委重大研究计划“西太平洋地球系统多圈层相互作用”的实施推动了西太平洋基础海洋科学研究的步伐，通过综合地球物理和地球化学分析，对Caroline海盆的构造边界过程和海盆岩石圈蛇纹岩化程度等开展详细研究，探索深部过程与海底过程之间，特别是在水和热流通量方面的联系。Caroline海盆是提出典型海洋微板块演化模式和未来进一步深入研究（包括科学大洋钻探）的关键区域，其复杂多样的边界发育初始俯冲边界、初始扩张边界以及火山链和张裂中心，其板内地质构造也曾存在复杂的海底扩张和构造转换，并且显示强烈的板块边界和板内构造耦合过程。
Abstract:The western Pacific has the most active plate tectonic processes and land-ocean interactions. The Caroline Basin is a small plate formed between the Tethys and the Pacific, currently located at the throat of the Indonesian seaway, and takes a large area of the western Pacific warm pool. The Caroline plate is rather complex topographically and is characterized by ridges and relic spreading centers. The plate is bordered by young active subduction zones and active spreading centers, and strongly interacts with the surrounding Philippine Sea plate, the Pacific plate, the Ontong-Java large igneous province, and many deep trenches. Therefore, it is an ideal place for studying process and dynamics of initiation of subduction and seafloor spreading, as well as the interaction of the solid earth with seawater. In the past, the investigation of the Caroline Basin was done mostly in the 70—80 s of last century. So far, many controversies remain unsolved on the nature and genesis of some tectonic units, and the interactions among multiple geospheres were seldom explored. The implementation of the major research project on “Multi-sphere Interaction of the Western Pacific Earth System” supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China greatly accelerate the pace of marine research in the Western Pacific region. In this project, we conduct comprehensive geophysical and geochemical analyses of the tectonic boundary process of the Caroline Basin and the extent of serpentinization of the uppermost lithospheric mantle in the basin. We also examine the coupling between the deep process in the lithosphere and the shallow process on the seabed, in particular the relationship between water and heat flux. Based upon the research, we propose in this paper an evolutional model for this unique oceanic micro-plate and its tectonic boundaries. Further research activities, including scientific ocean drilling, are recommended.
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Key words:
- initiation of subduction /
- marine geophysics /
- serpentinization /
- solid-fluid interaction /
- Caroline Sea
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表 1 Caroline海盆研究现状
Table 1. Current research status in the Caroline Basin
研究者 研究范围 研究数据 初步结论 Weissel and Anderson, 1978[2] Caroline 海盆 地震数据等 存在独立 Caroline 海板块 Gaina and Müller, 2007[3]；Bracey, 1975[4]；MacLeod et al., 2017[5] Caroline 海盆 磁异常 海盆扩张历史复杂，可能存在扩张中断、
洋脊跃迁、重新活动Li and Wang, 2016[6] Caroline 海脊和
Eauripik 海岭重磁、热流数据等 两者地球物理场和深部结构差异大，不可能同源 Erlandson et al., 1976[7]；Weissel and
Anderson, 1978[2]；Hegarty et al., 1983[8]Mussau 俯冲海沟 重力、水深数据等 Mussau 海沟是初始俯冲的产物，
俯冲程度由北向南加大Weissel and Anderson, 1978[2]；Fujiwara et al., 1995[9]；Fujiwara et al., 2000[10]；Lee, 2004[11] Ayu 海盆 水深数据等 洋中脊年龄、海底扩张动力学机制未明 Weissel and Anderson, 1978[2]；Bracey, 1983[12]；
Li and Wang, 2016[8]Caroline 海脊及
Sorol 海槽岩石地球化学、重磁、
热流、水深数据等Sorol 海槽为斜向张裂转换系统；
Caroline 海脊大陆边缘张裂演化模式Ryan, 1988[13]；Tregoning and Gorbatov, 2004[14] 新几内亚俯冲带 地震层析成像 活跃俯冲带，~9 Ma 以来 ~650 km 板片俯冲 
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