Developmental characteristics of source rock and gas source analysis in Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea
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摘要:
琼东南盆地是一个具有巨厚古近系和新近系沉积的新生代沉积盆地，烃源岩主要发育于始新世、渐新世、中新世3个时期。渐新统煤系烃源岩具有广覆式分布的特点，有机质丰度最高，是盆地主力烃源岩；中新统浅海—半深海相烃源岩在深水区中央坳陷厚度大且分布稳定，生烃转化率较高，但有机质丰度较渐新统偏低，是盆地潜在烃源岩；始新统湖相地层虽然探井尚未钻遇，但地震相特征及烃源对比表明，盆地大部分地区均存在始新统中深湖相烃源岩。应用元素地球化学方法分别对盆地不同区带不同时期生物发育的古生产力、古气候及水动力特征等进行了分析研究，初步证实中央坳陷古生产力最高，其次为中部隆起区，北部坳陷则相对较低。基于以上研究，提出了琼东南盆地烃源岩主要发育于3个时期，有4种类型：始新统中深湖相烃源岩、早渐新统崖城组海陆过渡相煤系烃源岩、中—晚渐新统崖城-陵水组半封闭浅海相陆源烃源岩及中新统浅海-半深海相陆源潜在烃源岩。在此基础上，根据大量油气勘探成果及油气地球化学特征，综合判识认为盆地中央坳陷带是渐新统烃源岩最有利发育区且生烃潜力大，其次为北部坳陷带和中部隆起区。气源综合判识表明，中央坳陷带目前勘探发现的深水气田群气源供给主要来自渐新统崖城组煤系烃源岩及半封闭浅海相陆源烃源岩，而北部坳陷带广大区域油气来源则可能主要来自始新统湖相烃源岩。
Abstract:The Cenozoic Qingdongnan Basin hosts a very thick Tertiary strata including three sets of source rocks from bottom to top: the Eocene, the Oligocene (containing Lingshui-Yacheng Formation), and the Miocene. The Oligocene is the key source rock with high abundance of organic matter widespread in basin and coal-bearing strata developed locally. The Miocene is thick neritic-bathyal facies that distributed stably in the central depression zone with high hydrocarbon conversion rate and is potential type of source rock. The Eocene is a set of important hydrocarbon source rocks and has not been drilled through at present. However, seismology study shows that the northern depression belt developed source rocks of semi-deep lacustrine deposits. Study of elemental geochemistry shows that the central depression zone has the highest paleoproductivity; the central uplift belt is in the second place; and the northern depression belt has the lowest paleoproductivity. The paleoclimate of the early Oligocene and early Miocene were warm and favorable to the development of source rocks. Based on the above information, three developmental modes was put forward, i.e., the transitional facies, the semi-enclosed marine facies, and the marine facies. On the basis of modes above, the most advantageous zones that contain high quality source rock is the central depression belt. The northern depression belt and the central uplift belt are in the second place. In addition, geochemistry data, the composition and carbon isotope characteristics of gas indicate that the gas-bearing structure in the northern depression belt is characterized by oil type gas, which may be contributed by the Eocene. The gas fields in the central depression mainly come from the Oligocene Yacheng Formation, featured coal type gas.
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表 1 琼东南盆地第三系烃源岩岩性特征及有机质丰度综合评价
Table 1. Comprehensive evaluation of lithologic characteristics and organic matter abundance of the Tertiary source rocks in Qiongdongnan Basin
层位 岩性 TOC/% 级别 S1+S2/(mg/g) 级别 HC/10-6 级别 总评 黄流组 暗色泥岩 0.22～2.76 中等烃源岩 0.01～2.14 较差烃源岩 40.1～295.4 较差烃源岩 较差—中等烃源岩 0.62(82) 0.53(72) 132.2(60) 梅山组 暗色泥岩 0.22～2.1 中等烃源岩 0.03～3.35 较差烃源岩 55.2～335.6 较差烃源岩 较差—中等烃源岩 0.60(37) 0.63(32) 170.2(30) 三亚组 暗色泥岩 0.21～0.90 较差烃源岩 0.04～5.21 较差烃源岩 78.4～378.2 较差烃源岩 较差烃源岩 0.58(41) 0.62(43) 187.6(24) 陵水组 暗色泥岩 0.22～5.45 中等烃源岩 0.03～11.6 较差烃源岩 60.7～356.6 中等烃源岩 中等—较差烃源岩 0.72(41) 0.84(33) 212(30) 崖城组 暗色泥岩 0.22～4.17 中等烃源岩 0.06～6.78 较差烃源岩 99.5～500.2 中等烃源岩 0.88(60) 0.80(56) 260.2(46) 碳质泥岩 6.69～9.90 好的烃源岩 7.7～23.42 好的烃源岩 好的烃源岩 8.44(7) 16.37(7) 煤 32.27～81.7 好的烃源岩 12.4～154.4 好的烃源岩 52.03(10) 93.31(10) 注：表中数据格式：最小值～最大值/平均值（样品数）。 
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表 2 琼东南盆地主要气田及含油气构造天然气组成与碳同位素特征
Table 2. Natural gas composition and carbon isotope characteristics of major gas fields and hydrocarbon-bearing structures in Qiongdongnan Basin
区带 井号 地层 取样
方式井深/m 烃类气/% 非烃气
/%干燥
系数碳同位素δ13C/‰ C1 C2—5 N2 CO2 C1/C1—5 C1 C2 C3 iC4 nC4 CO2 松东凹陷 ST24 SY MDT 2 122.2 74.30 9.80 6.77 7.81 0.88 −47.06 −30.92 −29.96 −7.61 宝岛凹陷北坡 BD13A MS DST 1 573~1 580 86.14 10.24 2.46 0.72 0.89 −48.65 −30.53 −31.15 −25.54 BD13B MS MDT 1967.5 82.48 8.09 6.67 1.18 0.91 −45.53 −30.39 −29.84 −29.33 宝岛凹陷北部断阶 BD21A LS DST 4 092.4~4 154 67.14 5.74 0.27 26.55 0.92 −39.46 −28.69 −26.96 −25.89 −26.10 −5.03 BD21B LS MDT 4 268.50 60.38 9.06 2.57 27.71 0.86 −39.83 −29.43 −27.37 −26.24 −26.35 −4.76 陵水低凸起 LS13A MS MDT 3 607.8 69.19 24.24 0.63 4.10 0.74 −41.66 −25.41 −24.17 −24.00 −23.20 −12.61 LS13B MS DST 3 776.9~3 786 79.52 15.76 0.53 3.86 0.83 −44.67 −26.49 −25.02 −24.82 −24.46 −7.88 陵水凹陷 LS17A HL MDT 3 324.0 93.25 5.79 0.62 0.21 0.94 −36.78 −23.62 −22.17 −21.26 −21.75 −17.76 LS17B HL MDT 3 331.3 91.51 6.01 2.15 0.07 0.94 −37.40 −24.16 −23.21 −22.89 −21.75 −18.08 松南低凸起 YL8A YC MDT 2 880.5 95.65 2.81 0.79 0.65 0.97 −44.97 −27.17 −27.04 −12.43 YL8B Pre-Tertiary DST 2 828.8~2 936 95.67 3.30 0.19 0.83 0.97 −43.39 −26.92 −26.76 −2.98 乐东凹陷 YC27 HL MDT 4 390.0 90.6 2.77 1.30 5.24 0.97 −34.31 −22.55 −19.08 −18.66 −18.35 −9.23 LS25 HL MDT 3 760.8 87.89 7.82 1.48 2.20 0.92 −39.69 −25.78 −23.86 −23.56 −23.07 −12.48 崖南凹陷 YC13A LS DST 3 658.8~3 701.9 84.18 3.36 1.04 10.79 0.96 −35.50 YC13B LS DST 3 888.6~3 907.5 86.63 1.81 0.10 11.60 0.98 −35.12 YC13C LS DST 3 898.3~3 921.3 84.58 4.65 1.76 8.73 0.95 −37.09 −26.29 −27.71 −24.78 YC13D LS DST 3 901.4~3 938.0 82.96 7.86 0.26 8.33 0.91 −39.99 −24.88 −23.72 −23.84
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