Massive deposition of oceanic diatom mat and its impact on the carbon-nitrogen cycle over glacial-interglacial periods
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摘要:
成席硅藻勃发与沉积埋藏过程链接了海洋有机碳生成-输出-埋藏以及大洋深部溶解无机碳的生成与储存的全过程，该过程及其对大洋碳-氮循环的潜在重大影响正引起学术界的关注。通过搜集整理一系列文献及数据，对成席硅藻在细胞层面的特殊功能、勃发机制以及硅藻席沉积物的时空分布特征进行了总结，尝试讨论硅藻席沉积对轨道时间尺度上全球碳-氮循环的潜在影响。由于成席硅藻具有一系列特点，包括在弱光条件下生存、利用大液泡来存储营养盐和调控浮力、与固氮蓝细菌共生、尿素循环等，导致成席硅藻在寡营养的层化水体中或者大洋锋面处容易获得生存竞争优势并发生勃发。根据沉积记录，在第四纪冰期，热带-亚热带大西洋以及热带西太平洋-东印度洋出现大规模的Ethmodiscus rex硅藻席勃发并向海洋内部输出大量有机碳。有机碳中的绝大部分都在水柱中发生降解，只有少部分保存到海底沉积物中。推测硅藻席勃发贡献了冰期深海内部“呼吸碳库”的增长以及大气二氧化碳浓度的降低。由于E. rex勃发加快了海洋上层营养盐的周转速率，因此也可能促进了冰期海洋氮储库的扩张。此外，氧同位素14/12期和4/2期间同时出现大洋无机碳碳同位素重值事件和热带-亚热带硅藻席勃发事件，二者之间可能存在机制上的关联。因此，成席硅藻是耦合大洋碳-氮循环的重要组成部分，进一步厘清地质历史时期硅藻席勃发规模及其在海洋元素循环中的作用，有助于解开冰期旋回尺度上的全球碳-氮循环之谜。
Abstract:The course of diatom blooming and deposition links the oceanic primary productivity, carbon export, burial of organic carbon, and even the production and storage of dissolved inorganic carbon in the deep ocean. At present, study on the blooming and deposition of mat-forming diatoms is becoming a hotspot of research, and shall have a significant impact on the marine carbon-nitrogen cycle. By reviewing available published studies , we summarized the specific function of mat-forming diatoms at cellular level, the mechanism of their blooming, and the spatiotemporal characteristics of diatom mat deposits, discussed the potential outcomes of diatom mat deposition under the global carbon-nitrogen cycle on the orbital time scale. Mat-forming diatoms are able to grow under low-light conditions, store nutrients, regulate buoyancy via large vacuoles, be symbiotic with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, and features unique urea cycle, etc. These characteristics allow mat-forming diatoms to gain a competitive advantage and bloom in oligotrophic, stratified waters or across the oceanic frontal convergence zone. Based on downcore records, the massive blooming of Ethmodiscus rex occurred in the tropical-subtropical Atlantic as well as in the tropical western Pacific-eastern Indian Ocean during the Quaternary glacial periods, which transported a large amount of organic matter into the ocean interior. The vast majority of the sinking organic carbon was degraded in the water column, and a tiny fraction entered into marine sediments. We infer that the E. rex blooming contributed to an increase in the “respired carbon pool” in the deep oceans and a decrease in the atmospheric CO2 level in the past glacial periods. Moreover, the E. rex blooming also increased nutrient turnover in the upper ocean, which might have facilitated the expansion of glacial oceanic nitrogen reservoir. In addition, the widespread E. rex blooming during the marine isotope stages 14/12 and 4/2 has been found to be associated with the marine inorganic carbon isotope maxima events, suggesting their causal relationship. Therefore, mat-forming diatoms are an important component of the coupling oceanic carbon and nitrogen cycle. Further studies are required to constrain the extent of mat-forming diatom blooming in the geological past and its role in marine element cycling, which can help to solve the puzzle of the global carbon-nitrogen cycle over glacial-interglacial periods.
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