Geothermal water chemical characteristics and scaling analysis of Xianshuihe fault zone
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摘要:
地热资源作为潜力巨大的清洁能源，大力开发地热资源是我国实现双碳目标的重要路径。川西鲜水河断裂带地热资源丰富，但地热结垢成为了地热资源开发利用中的主要问题之一。为进一步查明地热资源的赋存状态和结垢趋势特征，本文以鲜水河断裂带上的磨西、榆林宫、二道桥、中谷、八美和道孚地热区为研究区，采用水化学分析、氢氧同位素、热储温度估算和结垢趋势特征分析等方法，开展了鲜水河断裂带地热水水化学及结垢趋势特征研究。结果表明：地热水的水化学类型主要为Na-HCO3、Ca-HCO3、Ca·Na-HCO3和Na-Cl·HCO3型；地热水主要来源于大气降水的补给且氧漂移现象明显；地热水均未达到完全的水-岩平衡状态，混合冷水后的浅部热储温度为61℃～172℃，深部初始热储温度平均值为183℃～284℃，冷水混合比例平均值为77%～86%；指数分析法和饱和指数判别法得出以上地热区均有可能形成碳酸盐结垢，硅酸盐结垢仅可能会形成于少数SiO2含量异常高的区域，而硫酸盐结垢几乎不形成；依据硅-焓模型估算的冷水混合比例重构得出深层储层流体组分，计算得出二道桥地区的碳酸盐结垢程度是最严重的，主要是因为该区的热储岩性为碳酸盐岩，以及热储温度能促进CaCO3沉淀。对于除垢和预防，可以采用机械拆除、控制CO2分压、控制溶液的pH值和使用化学添加剂（阻垢剂）等。研究成果可为鲜水河断裂带及川西地热资源的可持续开发利用提供理论依据。
Abstract:Geothermal resources have great potential as clean energy, and can be used to achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. The Xianshuihe fault zone in western Sichuan is rich in geothermal resources, but geothermal scaling has become one of the main problems in the development and utilization of geothermal resources. In order to further identify the occurrence state and scaling trend characteristics of geothermal resources, this paper takes the six areas of Moxi, Yulingong, Erdaoqiao, Zhonggu, Bamei and Daofu on the Xianshuihe fault zone as the research area, and uses water chemistry analysis, hydrogen and oxygen isotopes, heat storage temperature estimation and scaling trend characteristics analysis to carry out the geothermal water hydrochemistry and scaling trend characteristics of the Xianshuihe fault zone. The results show that the hydrochemical types of geothermal water are mainly Na-HCO3, Ca-HCO3, Ca·Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl·HCO3; Geothermal water mainly comes from the supply of atmospheric precipitation and oxygen drift occurs in most areas; The geothermal water has not reached the complete water-rock equilibrium state, and the shallow geothermal reservoir temperature is 61℃～172℃. The average temperature of deep thermal reservoir is 183℃ to 283℃, and the average cold water mixing ratio is 77% to 86%; The exponential analysis method and the saturation index discrimination method show that carbonate scaling may occur in the all above geothermal areas. Silicate scaling may only occur in several areas with abnormally high SiO2 content, while sulfate scaling almost does not occur. According to the cold water mixing ratio estimated by the silicon-enthalpy model, the fluid composition of the deep reservoir is reconstructed. Combined with the formula, it is calculated that the carbonate scaling degree in the Erdaoqiao area is the most serious, mainly because the reservoir lithology in the area is carbonate salt, and the reservoir temperature can promote the precipitation of CaCO3. For descaling and prevention, mechanical removal, control of CO2 partial pressure, control of solution pH, and use of chemical additives (scale inhibitors) can be used. The research results can provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development and utilization of geothermal resources in the Xianshuihe fault zone and western Sichuan.
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图 1 (a) 鲜水河断裂带区域构造位置图和 (b) 鲜水河断裂带地热区分布图 (根据文献李晓等, 2018, Li et al., 2020a, 张云辉等, 2021, 唐渊等, 2022修改)
Figure 1.
图 2 (a、b) 康定县城某高温地热井结垢照片（王延欣等, 2015, 张恒等, 2016）；(c、d) 二道桥地区地热水结垢照片；(e、f) 老榆林地区龙头沟和灌顶地热水结垢照片
Figure 2.
图 3 鲜水河断裂带地热水水化学参数箱型图。(a)温度(℃)；(b)pH；(c)TDS(mg/L)；(d) Na+ (mg/L)；(e) K+ (mg/L)；(f) Mg2+ (mg/L)；(g) Ca2+ (mg/L)；(f) Cl－(mg/L)；(i) SO42－(mg/L)；(j) HCO3－(mg/L)；(k) SiO2 (mg/L) （数据来源于附表1
1 ）Figure 3.
图 4 鲜水河断裂带地热水的Piper三线图（Piper, 1944）（图中椭圆分别对应四种水化学类型；数据来源于附表1
1 ）Figure 4.
图 6 鲜水河断裂带地热水的Na-K-Mg三角图（Giggenbach, 1988）（数据来源于附表1
1 ）Figure 6.
表 1 鲜水河断裂带典型地热区碳酸钙结垢趋势预测结果
Table 1. Prediction results of CaCO3 scaling trend in typical geothermal areas of Xianshuihe fault zone
地区 LI 结垢趋势 RI1 结垢趋势 RI2 结垢趋势 Cl－毫克当量% 磨西 － － 4.24 严重 5.59 中等 13.05 榆林宫 0.98 不结垢 3.90 － － 中等 41.78 二道桥 － － 3.46 非常严重 4.55 严重 7.56 中谷 － － 4.09 严重 5.45 中等 13.07 八美 － － 4.70 严重 6.13 轻微 13.97 道孚 － － 4.05 严重 5.19 中等 1.79 注：表中所有的计算结果均为平均值；1代表取Kc计算；2代表取Ke计算；“－”表示没有计算。 
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表 2 鲜水河断裂带典型地热区深部流体组分重建结果
Table 2. Reconstruction results of deep fluid components in typical geothermal area of Xianshuihe fault zone
地区 温度(℃) pH Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl－ SO42－ HCO3－ SiO2 mg/L 磨西 150.0 6.70 994.66 35.91 109.94 20.44 260.47 310.44 2310.89 166.26 榆林宫 150.0 6.68 1102.21 112.24 49.65 37.23 575.86 112.93 2013.39 244.72 二道桥 150.0 6.06 624.05 101.76 822.61 153.16 231.35 236.10 4180.94 203.66 中谷 150.0 6.47 1117.56 106.60 153.72 24.67 252.06 30.83 3131.62 304.17 八美 150.0 6.70 985.47 97.30 36.75 6.92 327.72 98.29 2213.07 262.21 道孚 150.0 6.34 928.99 78.12 299.15 92.15 39.09 78.05 3822.45 226.23 注：pH取各地区方解石达到平衡状态时的值。
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