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摘要:
世界范围内的钴矿贸易和供应链危机已经引起很多国家和机构的关注，以致被纳入主要国家的关键矿产系列或清单当中。世界上的钴资源储量巨大，但产量有限且有地缘政治风险。这主要表现为钴矿产资源的生产、加工和消费的高度集中。除海底钴矿以外，陆地钴资源主要赋存在：沉积型铜钴矿床（约58%），主要位于刚果民主共和国和赞比亚；红土型镍钴矿床（约29%）主要是澳大利亚、新喀里多尼亚和古巴；岩浆型镍铜-PGE-钴矿床（约9%），主要是澳大利亚、加拿大、俄罗斯、芬兰和美国。全球钴精矿的产量60%以上在刚果（金）。而钴矿的精炼加工60%以上在中国，精炼钴消费60%以上在中国、欧盟和美国，中国、英国、日本的进口依赖度近乎百分百。形势严峻，竞争激烈，技术创新势在必行。新的技术正在逐渐得到应用，如选冶联合工艺以及一些新的提取方式。主要挑战是钴矿石回收率的提高、二次资源利用和产品回收利用方面。中国的许多部门、机构和企业也都进行了长期深入的工作部署，但在国际上的影响力和供应链的控制力仍比较小，与发达国家相比有很大差距。我国的钴矿供应安全也极其重要，其原材料供应和西方国家形成很强的竞争性。提高钴供应的安全程度，需要全面掌握几种主要资源的赋存特征、大力开展采选冶技术创新和高标准高质量进行产业创新，同时应高度重视推动国际产业联盟和技术合作，以应对国际产业链重构和竞争格局变化。
Abstract:The worldwide cobalt ore trade and supply chain crisis has attracted the attention of many countries and institutions, in such a manner that major countries have listed it among their key mineral series or list. The world has huge reserves of cobalt resources, however, with limited production and presence of geopolitical risks. This is mainly manifested in the existence of the highly concentrated production, refinery and consumption of cobalt resources. In addition to seabed cobalt deposits, cobalt exists in the following forms in the continents: layered sedimentary copper-cobalt deposits (about 58%), mainly located in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia; laterite-type nickel-cobalt deposits (about 29%), mainly situated in Australia, New Caledonia and Cuba; magmatic nickel-copper-PGE-cobalt deposits (about 9%), mainly distributed in Australia, Canada, Russia, Finland and the United States. Over 60% of the world’s cobalt concentrate is produced in D.R.Congo. But above 60% of cobalt ore refining and processing are done in China, while more than 60% of refined cobalt are consumed by China, the European Union and the United States. In particular, China, the United Kingdom, and Japan are nearly 100% dependent on import for cobalt supply. In face of such severe situation and intense competition, technological innovation is key. New technologies have actually been gradually applied, for example, the combined process of beneficiation and metallurgy, as well as some new extraction methods. Major challenges lie in the improvement of cobalt ore recovery rate, secondary resource utilization and product recycling. Many departments, institutions and enterprises in China have made long-term and in-depth arrangements in this regard. However, China’s international influence and control over the supply chain remain relatively weak. A big gap still exists as compared against the developed countries, making cobalt supply security an extremely important issue for China. Competition stays intense between China and western nations in terms of raw material supply. To improve the security of cobalt supply, it is crucial to gain a full understanding of the occurrence characteristics of the several major resource types, impose immense efforts on technological innovation in mining, ore processing and metallurgy, and push industrial innovation with high standards and high quality. In the meantime, considerable attention should also be paid to promoting international industrial alliances and technological cooperation, with a vision to get well prepared for the restructuring of the international industrial chain and changes in the competitive landscape.
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Key words:
- Cobalt minerals /
- Supply security /
- Technological innovation /
- Green emission reduction
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表 1 国际富钴SSH尾矿再加工项目资源估算
Table 1. Resource estimation of the international cobalt-rich SSH tailings reprocessing project
尾矿项目名称 国家 尾矿类型 吨位/Mt Co品位/% Co含量/kt 公司 状态 Kamoto临时尾矿坝（KITD） 刚果（金） 浮选尾矿 7.8 0.16 12.48 Katanga Mining ltd 运营 Etoile HMS尾矿 刚果（金） 重力分选
HMS尾矿3.2 0.51 16.05 Shalina Resources 运营 Metalkol Roan尾矿再利用（RTR） 刚果（金） 浮选尾矿 112.8 0.32 360.96 欧亚资源集团ERG 运营 Kipushi (Cu-Co & Zn-Co)尾矿 刚果（金） 浮选尾矿 4.4 0.23 10.37 Cape Lambert Resources ltd 规划 Kakanda尾矿 刚果（金） 浮选尾矿 18.5 0.15 ~27.75 BeWhere Holdings Inc. 规划 Big Hill-Lubumbashi 刚果（金） 炉渣 ~4.5 ~2.1 ~94.5 福勒斯特集团，Gecamine 运营 Kitwe – Nkana尾矿坝 赞比亚 炉渣 ~6.6 ~0.76 - Cape Lambert Resources ltd 规划 Kasese尾矿 乌干达 浮选尾矿 5.5 0.11 6.27 卡塞塞钻公司 终止 
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